INDEX FILE for Ancient Rus and the Great Steppe

This is the major Historical work of Lev Nikolayevich Gumilev (1992). We have already uploaded his major theoretical work, Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere

Below I will copy the table of contents, and the forward (last) so you know how extensive this work is. There you can locate how far we have progressed during the uploads. The upload chapter links will be above the Table of Contents. In fact, it took me some years to decide to translate this from the Russian, being such a big labor. It was ready to upload last year, but we have been on many exciting excursions since then.

Even now we are in the middle of a series called “World Contentious Regions”, and I have plenty of material about that I want to share.  But for now, I will start with RUS and the Great STEPPE.  I can upload more on the World Contentious Regions thread On the WhyNotThink Website.

In the following chapters we talk about the Mongols and how they developed into an empire.

(Yes, much is misinterpreted by chauvinistic western historians, thinking everyone is a ferocious barbarian.) But let’s just get an idea of the Mongolian territory , by looking at this music video, with its vast scenes of the land. The music is fun too. I had seen other good ones, but now only find this one.

Justification of the book

(4,000 words)

While still in his first year at the history department, the author had the idea of filling a gap in world history by writing a history of the peoples who lived between cultural regions: Western Europe, the Levant (Middle East), and China (Far East).

The author and his wife

The task turned out to be extremely difficult; it could not be solved without the help of geography, because the borders of the regions repeatedly moved over the historical period, the ethnic content of the Great Steppe and its neighboring countries often changed due to both the processes of ethnogenesis and the constant migration of ethnic groups and the displacement of some worldviews by others. The physical-geographical environment did not remain stable either. Forests were replaced by steppes and deserts, both because of climatic fluctuations and because of predatory human impact on the natural environment. As a consequence, people had to change systems of economic activity, which in turn influenced the nature of social relationships and cultures. And cultural ties brought diversity to the worldview of the population of the Eurasian continent, in each era - each specific one.

All these components of the historical process are so closely related to each other that it is impossible to omit any of them, but if you add to them chronological, genealogical, sociological, etc., it turns out that the book will be a collection of diverse information and, informing the reader, "what and who? "how?", "why?", and "what to what?", for which the book is intended. Obviously, in order to solve the problem, one must apply suitable research techniques.

In order to describe the events taking place in Eastern Eurasia, a three-level methodology of presentation was applied. ✓The smallest details, necessary to clarify the course of events, were described in the article by traditional methods of historical research. These articles - historical, geographical and archeological - had to be written, more than a hundred of them.

✓The second level, generalization, gave birth to special monographs (Hunnu. M., 1960; The Huns in China. M., 1974; Ancient Turks. M., 1967; Searches of an imaginary kingdom. M., 1970; Discovery of Khazaria. М., 1966). All of them were executed also by traditional methods, with one exception - they were written not in academic language, but in a "satirical Russian style", which increased assimilation of the text and expanded the range of readers.

[MY NOTE: We have an abridged version of the Hunnu People in 3 chapters, (down below). We have an abridged version of the Ancient Turks in 2 chapters, below. (I attempted a translation of the full version of "Ancient Turks", but it came out garbled? Strange; all other Russian texts translated well. The Russian source text must be garbled?)

The Imaginary Kingdom is about a myth of an ancient Christian community, (Prestor John), in Asia, and that disappeared entirely. I think I read it, but I didn't publish it. I have an excerpt down below called the Dinlin Problem, similar in that it is about a white, blue eyed ancient race that established next to China, and disappeared.

The Discovery of Khazaria is already in the library in it's entirety. I split it in two categories, since half the book is historical, and half the book explains the rigorous archaeological methodology.] We have the full “End and Beginning Again” also in the library.

However, the main goal was not achieved, because the question was left unanswered: where are the "beginnings and the ends", i.e. the boundaries, of historical and geographical phenomena? Therefore, it was necessary to specifically dissect the theory of the origin and disappearance of ethnic groups against the background of a changing natural environment [1]. Only after that it became possible to move from a description of history, to an understanding of it as a series of natural processes of the biosphere and socio-sphere. But since the biosphere, like the entire surface of the Earth, is a mosaic, collisions of ethnogenesis with each other are inevitable. Then the need arose for another book, namely this one, now offered to the reader. But is the task worth the labor required to solve it?  It is, and here is why.

In the history of mankind not all eras are equally illuminated. Where the processes of sociogenesis, ethnogenesis and “noo-genesis” (cultural development) proceeded without disturbances from hostile neighbors, it was easy for historians. When ethnoses or states clashed, the tragic consequences were simply recorded and one side was declared responsible for the misfortunes of the other. But where the entire canvas of history took place in the zone of antagonistic contact, it is very difficult to grasp the pattern; therefore, these sections of history have remained either unwritten or written very cursorily and superficially. It is a pity, because these are the epochs that were important not only for their participants, but also for world history.

[1] Gumilev L.N. Ethnogenesis and biosphere of the Earth. Л., 1989.

The period of the IX-XII centuries in South-Eastern Europe belongs to such epochs. There were contacts between Slavs and Russians, nomads and sedentary, Christians and pagans, Khazars and Jews. Everything was mixed up and confused until Vladimir Monomakh clarified it with an armed hand, after which it finally became clear where there are native people, and where there are strangers.

And then the philistine question constantly arises: why should we study processes that we cannot control? Does it make practical sense to justify the labor and material losses? Let's answer with examples! People do not know how to control earthquakes or cyclone tracks, but seismography and meteorology help to save us from natural disasters and, on the contrary, to use favorable conditions with the greatest effect. After all, it is not all the same with a tsunami, which we cannot prevent, to retreat to the nearest mountain or let the ocean wave wash us to the bottom. For the sake of our own salvation, we need to study volcanic activity, as spontaneous as ethnogenesis.

Here is a Foreword by D. S. Likhachev

(different ways to spell Russian sounds)

On the presented pages L.N. Gumilyov offers to his readers a fascinating (as always in his case) experience of reconstruction of the Russian history of the IX-XXI centuries. Such an experience of reconstruction, (as none are entirely reliable), has every right to exist. If we follow the poor sources devoted to this time, to establish only what can be established with complete certainty, we are still not guaranteed against misunderstanding history, because historical life is certainly richer than can be imagined only from a written source. And yet any, the most rigorous, following the sources is impossible without elements of reconstruction. L. N. Gumilyov has more elements of reconstruction than other historians, who are seeking to "average" conclusions, but this is the advantage of L. N. Gumilyov. He has imagination not only as a scholar, but also as an artist.

I do not want to argue with L.N. Gumilyov on details: in his concepts, they all have a subordinate nature. L. N. Gumilyov builds a broad picture, and it should be taken or not taken, as a whole.

A similar picture of the reconstruction of church and political life of Kievan Rus' was given in his time by such a subtle and rigorous source researcher as M.D. Priselkov. M. D. Priselkov's reconstruction has not lost its value to this day. Not at all coinciding with it in directions, but similar in methodology reconstruction of the Russian national life is given by L.N. Gumilev. I am fully confident that it will be no less interesting than M. D. Priselkov's reconstruction of church and political life was in his time.

L. N. Gumilyov's book reads like a novel. The author has the right to this kind of "novel", now it becomes the biggest expert on the interpreted issues. L.N. Gumilyov's concept is not so much at variance with the existing point of view on the relationship between Rus' and the Steppe, as it overlaps this point of view, demonstrating the complexity of the situation. Certainly, it is possible to argue with L.N. Gumilyov on separate details, but is it necessary to do it? It is necessary to give L.N. Gumilyov an opportunity to present his concept in a short (sometimes it seems, even the shortest) form. L.N. Gumilyov's concept has one very important side: it softens the opposition between the peoples of the East and Russia, which is still in place. And it is done with great knowledge, which is felt behind every line of the book. In this, L.N. Gumilev's concept, it seems to me, is entirely consistent with the basic idea of the concept of "friendship of peoples".

The proposed work at first glance seems to be written without observing the accepted rules and composition, including: the statement of the problem, the analysis of sources and literature, the statement and conclusion. But only at first glance. If you think about it, it is clear that all this is and is not filed as trivial.

In the initial chapters, the author sets out his attitude to cultural and ethnic history, as well as to the problem of the use of sources. Undoubtedly, he is right that it is impossible to build a broad historical panorama only on the sources, ignoring all the critical literature and consolidated, generalized works. Nevertheless, it should be taken into account that not all private problems of the history and cultural history of such a dark period as the 1st millennium A.D. are sufficiently covered. Therefore, recognizing the author's right to rely on the generalizations already made by his predecessors, we cannot help but demand that the attitude to them be moderately critical, and any acceptance or rejection of this or that thesis should be substantiated.

In the second chapter, instead of a list of sources, we find the author's point of view on the history of culture and ethnogenesis. This chapter begins with a philosophical excursus, which clarifies a number of terms used in the work, then outlines the historical-geographical and ethnological concepts, and only after that the author explains "what should be done without". He points out that the bibliography of the Khazar problem is critically accounted for in the book of M.I. Artamonov "History of Khazars" (L., 1962), whose editor was L.N. Gumilev himself. The Eurasian steppe is described by him in his "Steppe Trilogy", and the information on Ancient Rus was taken from the commentary to "The Tale of Bygone Years" (M.; L., 1950), compiled by me. Really, there is no sense to repeat work, except for those cases, when a conclusion of a researcher diverges from a widespread, outdated, but accepted without criticism, opinion.

The author bases his reasoning not so much on the analysis of fragments of monuments that have survived from those times as on systemic connections, in which the history of events plays the role of an indicator of the intensity of the historical process.

This synthesis had not previously been applied because no values commensurate with military history, ethnogenesis and cultural history were known. L.N. Gumilyov proposed the phenomenon of Passionarity, discovered by him, as a bridge between these sciences, which made the historical synthesis possible.

Not stopping there, L.N. Gumilyov attracted physical geography to the analysis of cultural history. Correctly considering the connection between the subsistence economy and the level of prosperity of the ancient societies, and thus with their military power, the author compares historical events and climate variations in the steppe zone of Eurasia. In this way he obtained a number of refinements, which allowed him to outline in detail the historical and geographical background against which various cultural influences collided with local forms of the original culture of Eastern Europe. Thus, the "blank spot" in the history of our homeland is now closed, although the work in this direction cannot be considered complete.

In the historical part, almost all of the author's theses are unexpected for the reader. ✓China, which seemed to be a peaceful country offended by its nomadic neighbors, emerges as a predatory aggressor, ... and this is convincingly proven against a broad historical background. ✓The Obras are presented as a relic of the culture of Turan. ✓The Kipchaks are also described in their Asian homeland. ✓Byzantium, according to the author, is not a "second Rome", but "anti-Rome". L.N. Gumilyov refuses to trust Nestor the chronicler, relying on the work of A.A. Shakhmatov and the author of these lines. ✓Svyatoslav's campaign is seen not as a predatory raid by a Slavic Viking, but as a war of liberation against the merchant company that exploited the conquered peoples.  Everything is unusual, but convinces with internal logic and breadth of analysis.

In the final chapters of the book, L. N. Gumilev examines the causes of the phenomenon, due to which most of the monuments of art and culture perished. He believes that here played a role not only poor preservation of masterpieces of unstable materials or precious metals, which were constantly being poured into ingots, but also the iconoclastic orientation of some sects, or rather currents of thought Cathars, Bogumils, Ishmaelites. (He calls anti-system.)

The latter sections are particularly well written. The author sees the force that opposes the destructive Time in Life, which generates passion and the will to act. And he sees Life as a planetary phenomenon peculiar to the Earth. I will point out that all of L.N. Gumilyov's previous books were a great success with readers and have been translated abroad. I know with what interest the works of L.N. Gumilyov are treated, for example, in Hungary and Poland, as well as in France, England and the United States.

This book is a significant contribution to the development of national, and not only national, history. However, its importance goes far beyond the traditional understanding of history as a science. L.N. Gumilyov's book will undoubtedly become a notable phenomenon in our cultural life.

Academician D. S. Likhachev

Table of Contents (Here we have no page numbers, but see the length.)
Statement of the Problem  - the THESIS	16
KHAZARIA AND OYKUMEN BEFORE 800.	19
WHAT TO LOOK FOR AND HOW TO LOOK FOR IT?	21
NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT	22
MODE OF STUDY	25
WHAT WE HAVE TO DO WITHOUT	27
LET'S AGREE ON THE MEANING OF TERMS	31
EASTERN SLAVS, BUT NOT YET RUSS	35
NOTES	38
Part One. Geography of the Ethnosphere, the1st millennium A.D. Who is Who	41
1. DESCRIPTION OF KHAZAR COUNTRY	41
2. THE "REFLECTED LIGHT" ETHNOS	44
3. WAS THE CULTURE DEVELOPED IN KHAZARIA?	47
BACK TO THE MAIN TEXT	59
4. PHASES OF ETHNOGENESIS IN WESTERN EURASIA	60
5. BETWEEN THE MOUNTAINS AND THE SEA	64
6. THE WEST	68
NOTES	71
II. The Muslim super-ethnos	74
7. EMERGENCE OF THE ARABS.	74
8. INVASION OF KHAZARIA	79
9. UNEXPECTED VICTORY	81
10. PHASE CHANGE.	84
11. THE ADVOCATES OF THE DISTORTED LIGHT	92
12. MESSAGE	94
NOTES	97
III. Christian super-ethnos	99
13. THE CRISIS OF THE WEST.	100
14. THE VIKINGS AND THE FEUDAL LORDS	104

15. THE BIRTH OF EUROPE	107
16. ON THE EVE OF THE GREAT SCHISM	111
17 LACK OF CORRESPONDENCE	116
NOTES	119
IV. The wandering super-ethnos	120
18. THROUGH THE BOUNDARIES OF THE AGES.	120
19. CONFESSION - THE SYMBOL OF ETHNOGENESIS	125
20. BACK TO JUDEA	127
21. INCOMPATIBILITY	131
22. ANOTHER "CENTENNIAL WAR."	134
23. In the PERS of the fifth and twelfth centuries.	138
24. In the 7th century Arabs.	143
25. In the Greeks of the eighth century.	145
NOTES	147
Part Two. The zigzag of history	150
V. Princes of Exile	150
26. VISITING THE KHAZARS.	150
27. THE ANNALS DO NOT CONTAIN EVERYTHING.	153
28. RAHDONITES	156
29. INDEPENDENT	161
30. AND THUNDER RANG OUT...	165
NOTES	168
VI. Birth of the Chimera (809-838)	171
31. POWER	171
32. DISTRIBUTION	172
33. CHIMERA ON THE VOLGA	175
34. SKEPSIS	178
35. WHERE IS THE ART?	180
36. DOUBLE LOVE	181
NOTES	184
VII. Chimera sprawl (839-898)	186
37. THE FOUR KAGHANATES.	186
38. RUSSIAN KAGANATE	194
39. FRIENDS OF THE RENEWED KHAZARIA	197
40. ON TO BYZANTIUM	199
41. RAHDONITES AND NORMANS	202
42. THE SEARCH FOR A CONSISTENT VERSION	206
43. WAR OF THE RUSSIANS WITH THE GREECES IN 907	212
VIII. Chimera throw (899-944).	220
44. AT THE TURN OF THE IX-X CENTURIES.	220
45. ANGER OF THE ELEMENTS	221
46. AROUND THE CASPIAN SEA	226
47. THE DECEIVED ALLY	229
48. ENEMIES OF THE RENEWED KHAZARIA	233
49. THE EXPLOITS OF THE COMMANDER PESACH	236
50. WHO IS TO BLAME?	242
IX. The Agony of the Chimera (945-966)	248
51. COUP IN KIEV	248
52. FACE TO FACE	252
53. SINCERITY AND BENEFIT	254
54. THE FIFTH ACT OF THE TRAGEDY	257
55. THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE CHIMERA	260
56. WHY DID THE CHIMERA NOT ARISE IN RUSSIA?	261
Part three. Geography of the Noosphere of the X-XII centuries	266
X. The Era of indecision (966-985)	266
57. The dawn of Slavic Westernism	266
58. SECTION OF KHAZARIA	270
59. DEMONS OR GODS	272
60. ALIGNMENT OF FORCES	277
61. WHAT CAN ONE PERSON DO	279
62. THE AVALANCHE ROLLED	282
63. COMMENT	284
64. THE EXPLOSION OF DARKNESS	286
65. CREATING AN EMPIRE	288
XI. The struggle for souls	295
66. THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE	295
67. BIPOLARITY	299
68. THE CHOICE OF FAITH	303
69. THE CHOICE OF CONSCIENCE	306
70. SPLIT THE FIELD	309
71. SOLUTION	317
XII. The Power of Things (986-1036)	323
72. THE BAPTISM OF THE PRINCE AND THE BAPTISM OF THE PEOPLE	323
73. LOST BET	327
74. IMPULSES AND SYMBOLS OF INTERNECINE WAR	331
75. USED CHANCE	336
76. HOPELESSNESS	339
XIII. On the steppe border (1036-1061)	344
77. THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE PECHENEGS	344
78. THE END OF THE KAGANATES	348
79. IMPORTANT CHANGES	356
80. THE APPEARANCE OF THE POLOVTSIANS	361
XIV. Burial of the epoch (1062-1115)	365
81. By the BLUE SEA	365
82. IN RUSSIA	368
83. SVYATOSLAVICHI	371
84. THE ADVENTURES OF OLEG SVYATOSLAVICH	374
85. ECHO OF THE CURSED PAST	378
86. THE RETURN OF OLEG SVYATOSLAVICH	381
87. OLEG SVYATOSLAVICH'S APOLOGY	383
88. A TERRIBLE EPILOGUE	387
89. EXODUS	391
90. TWO MERITS OF VLADIMIR MONOMAKH	393
91. THE LEGACY OF MSTISLAV THE GREAT	399
XV. Heterodoxy and Heterodoxy	406
92. ANCIENT GODS AND NEW DEMONS	406
93. DUALITY	408
94. "NAVI CHARMS"	410
95. LONELINESS	414
96. PERPLEXITY	419
97. DOGMAS, THOUGHTS AND DEEDS IN THE WESTERN WORLD OF THE IX-XII CENTURIES.	422
98. RUTHLESSNESS	428
99. CORRUPTION IN THE MUSLIM WORLD	430
100. DEMONOLOGY	431
XVI. Golden Autumn	436
101. A STEP ALONG THE PATH OF PROGRESS	436
102. IN THE RAYS OF THE EVENING DAWN	438
103. "SAD TIME. EYES OF ENCHANTMENT"	444
104. THE REASON FOR CHAGRIN IS UNCERTAINTY	446
105. TWILIGHT	449
Part four. Acts of the Mongols in the XII century	455
XVII. Background and characters	455
106. FRIENDS AND FOES OF THE GREAT STEPPE	455
107. THERE ARE NO INFERIOR ETHNIC GROUPS!	461
108. EASTERN OUTSKIRTS	465
109. MONGOLS AND TATARS IN THE XII century.	466
110. SHUFFLING	469
XVIII. Adversity	473
111. "YELLOW DOG"	473
112. THE EMERGENCE OF DIVERSITY	478
113. THE WAR IN THE STEPPE	480
114. "PEOPLE OF LONG WILL"	482
115. OBLIVION OF ANCIENT CUSTOMS	484
116. YESUGEY-BAGATUR	488
XIX. Losses	495
117. THE BITTERNESS OF ORPHANHOOD	495
118. FRATRICIDE	496
119. HUNTING FOR A MAN	499
120. THE FIRST VIGILANTE	503
121. THE FIRST WIFE	505
122. STEPPE VENDETTA	507
123. The "TROJAN WAR" ON SELENGA	509
124. THE FIRSTBORN	512
125. GENERATIONAL CHANGE	514
XX. Yassa and the fight against it	517
126. THE YEAR OF COMPLETION	517
127. FORMATION OF THE KHANATE	519
128. PROGRAMS	523
129. FRIENDS AND FOES	526
130. CHRONOLOGY	531
131. LAW AGAINST CUSTOM	533
132. THE MOST IMPORTANT THING	535
Part five. From zenith to nadir XXI. The search for the guilty	537
136. WHAT DOES "THE DESTRUCTION OF THE RUSSIAN LAND" MEAN?	537
137. WAS THERE A "STRUGGLE OF THE FOREST WITH THE STEPPE"?	539
138. NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN NEIGHBORS OF RUSSIA	540
139. "THE STATE POINT OF VIEW" IN THE XIX century.	541
140. ANOTHER POINT OF VIEW	544
141. "AND NOVELTY BREATHES TO THE OLD"	546
142. LET'S LISTEN TO THE OTHER SIDE AS WELL	552
143. JUSTIFICATION	557
144. THE VERDICT IN THE POLOVTSY CASE	559
145. AT THE END OF ETHNOGENESIS	561
XXII. A string of troubles	566
146. THE FIRST TROUBLE. 1201	566
147. THE SECOND TROUBLE. 1204	568
148. THE THIRD TROUBLE. 1205	569
149. THE FOURTH TROUBLE. 1208	571
150. THE FIFTH TROUBLE. 1211	573
151. THE SIXTH TROUBLE. 1223	576
152. THE SEVENTH TROUBLE. 1224	580
153. THE EIGHTH TROUBLE. 1235	582
154. THE NINTH TROUBLE of 1237-1240.	585
155. ABOUT THE "DESOLATION" OF KIEVAN RUS	588
156. SOMEONE ELSE'S TROUBLE. 1241-1242.	590
XXIII. Finding a consistent version	594
157. AMBIGUITIES	594
158. CRITICAL EPOCHS	596
159. EXPERIENCE OF ANALYSIS AND HISTORICAL CRITICISM	598
160. SECOND WIND	601
161. IN THE CARPATHIANS	605
162. THE SEARCH FOR A WAY OUT	607
163. NADIR [28]	610
Part six. By grain  XXIV. In the ulus of Juchiev	615
164. CHANGE OF ETHNIC DOMINANT	615
165. THE SAME AT THE MASS LEVEL	618
166. FACTS AND ESTIMATES	622
167. FACTS WITHOUT ESTIMATES	626
168. BY GRAIN	629
XXV. The Transformation of Russia into Russia	638
169. LOCAL ETHNOGENESIS AND THE ECUMENE	638
170. CONFESSIONS AND ETHNOGENESIS	639
171. AND WHY MOSCOW?	642
173. THE BEGINNING OF THE CENTURY	648
174. INSTABILITY	651
175. TROUBLE	654
176. UPDATE	655
177. "THE LION AND THE LAMB TOGETHER WILL REST" [23]	658
178. STAB IN THE BACK	662
XXVI. Panorama	670
179. CHANGING THE COLOR OF TIME	670
180. TRECENTO	672
181. BYZANTIUM AND THE SLAVS	673
182. LITHUANIA	676
183. PEOPLES AND KHANS	678
XXVII. Empirical generalization	681
184. IMAGES OF THE LOST	681
185. APOCRYPHA	685
186. THE MECHANISM of a PASSIONATE PUSH	688
187. THE LAWS OF NATURE AND THE "FREEDOM STRIP"	690
188. THE POWER OF BIAS	694
Part seven. Tokhtamysh and his time	700
XXVIII. Fading greatness (The first approximation is the level of superethnos)	700
189. IN IRAN	700
190. IN THE FAR EAST	702
191. IN TRANSOXIANA AND SEMIRECHYE	705
192. GOLDEN HORDE	710
193. "THE GREAT JAM"	712
XXIX. The Blue Horde (The second approximation is the level of the ethnic group)	716
194. MAMAI AND TOKHTAMYSH	716
195. LITHUANIA AND MOSCOW	718
196. DIPLOMACY AND ITS CAPABILITIES	721
197. COLLISION	723
198. SCOUNDRELS	726
199. WEAKNESS OF SPIRIT	728
XXX. The inevitability of reckoning (The third approximation is the level of the subethnos)	731
200. SOCIETY AND ETHNOS IN 1382	731
201. THE STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS OF THE TATAR KHAN	733
202. FRIENDS AND ENEMIES OF THE BLUE HORDE	736
203. PASSIONATE OVERHEATING AND CONSCIENCE	738
XXXI. The Duel of Giants	740
204. A TEST OF STRENGTH. THE CLASH OF SUPERETHNOSES	740
205. THE SEARCH FOR FRIENDS	743
206. EXCHANGE OF BLOWS	745
207. FOLLOWING THE SPRING	748
208. INFIDELITY	750
209. IN THE CAUCASUS	753
210. DECISIVE BATTLE	757
211 BETWEEN THE DNIEPER AND THE DON	759
XXXII. The White Horde	765
212. WINDS FROM THE WEST AND EAST	765
214. DEATH, AND DEATH AGAIN	770
215. REFLECTION ON TRADITION	772
XXXIII. Contours	775
216. THE BEGINNING OF A NEW TIME	775
217. CONTOUR OF THE HORDE	777
218. CONTOUR of ANCIENT RUSSIA	781
219. BETWEEN EAST AND WEST	784
220. CONTOURS OF UKRAINE	788