Gumilev Quotes and Organizing Information, five posts now
I'll make various posts here to further our understanding of this vast material. I'll add the newest post on top, and change the title to reflect the increasing numbers.
Third Post; Sep 9th 2023, Here is an innovative dialog created to better explains some of Gumilev’s premises: (4,649 words)
Fifth Post; It is a panel discussion, analyzing affairs from ethnogenesis point of view.
Sixth Post; This map in the 2nd half of the post explains the theory of Ethnogenisis.
Gumilev “Fan-Boy”, and a simple explanation of his theory.
4th post;
Notes on Translation, and list of the Kievan Princes.
Second Post; below:
(Click link to drop down) September 16th: It is a further long list of tribes. I collected them for a few days, but it is way too extensive to research who each one was. Therefore of limited use for us. But Gumilev uses them as examples to make his points. It shows that our world was an extremely vast mosaic of ethnicities.
1st Post;
This is a list of about 80b tribal names and a synthetic description of each.
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Forth Post;
Notes on Translation, and Kievan Princes.
Everything on this site has been translated. They are (I feel) books with important concepts that are unavailable to the English reading public. If there are other good books, already in English, please buy them from Amazon.
Translation is done by a machine, A.I. they call it. It is really quite good. What we notice is that the Gumilev works are written in a very sophisticated Russian. The translation to English is rich in vocabulary (exactly from the way it is in the Russian), and it makes perfect sense and draws all the conclusions.
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There are artifacts, which are easy enough to straighten out. One is that orphan text (that is carried over onto another page, gets distorted or repeated. Especially if there was a hyphen at the change-over (half of a word).
Another artifact is that, depending on the format of the Russian source material, there might be hard line-breaks all over the place. The worst case is when every line has a break and the text won't wrap. There is a web line-break tool that can remove these.
So far I am talking about words (with meanings). Another category is names, with or without meanings. These are translated phonetically. But the phonetics of the Russian is in no way equal to the phonetics of the English. So that the A.I. takes a best-guess. These best-guesses are repeated from scratch each time, they are not memorized and used consistently. The net result is that place names and people names are translated into many different English (best-guess) spellings. An easy example is Gumilev and Gumilyov. Obviously, the Russian pronunciation is neither, but hopefully in between. For the most part these alternate spellings are all throughout the books, since there are so many names that we encounter. I know you will get used to it.
All the books presently on the site had excellent source material, and the translations are great. I fixed all the spacing. Gumilev's most important works are:
(History), Ancient Rus and the Great Steppe, and
(Theory), Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere.
Both of these have worked out great in translation, and they will find their way onto the site. Both are over 600 pages, and over 200,000 words.
Recently I just tried to translate the "Ancient Turks". But I couldn't find a good source. A Russian pdf, that you could read, when the text was extracted, there were no line-breaks whatsoever. It came as a solid block of text, left border to right border with absolutely no paragraphs for 600 pages. It was like a bucket of black ink. I tried with about 6 different sources and all were different miserable failures.
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About Gumilev's writing style.
Examples come fast and furious. What you really need is a lecturer standing at a blackboard, and with a series of maps, pointing to where all these people came from and how they moved. He also needs to write on the blackboard the succession of all the ruling princes, while he tells you what they did. For example, how can you keep all the Kievan RUS ruling Princes straight? (Each one worse than the last.) In the end they were killing each other annually.
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Budiniku Bojanu Volimiru Volimirisse (Volyamir in Russian), a Nassian duke, was at the roots of Kievan Rus. He founded the Volyamirich dynasty that would rule Russia for the next 800 years. Volyamir's capital was the northern city of Novgorod. His successor Oleg relocated the capital to Kiev at around 880, thus laying the foundation of what has become known as Kievan Rus.
While the early rulers of Rus were of Nassian and Scandinavian origin (Volyamir's wife Helga was Scandinavian), they gradually merged into the local East Slavic population. Still, in the 11th century, Yaroslav, (called Arosilavu in Nassian chronicles and Jarisleif in Scandinavian) maintained the dynastic links, married a Nassians princess, and gave asylum to king Olaf II of Norway.
The movement of nobility also went in the opposite direction. According to Adam of Bremen, Anant Gordeku (Anund Gardske in Swedish), a man from Kievan Rus was elected king of Sweden, ca 1070. However, as he was a Christian, he refused to sacrifice to the gods at the Parun Temple of Uppsala and he was deposed by popular vote.
The unity of Kievan Rus gradually declined, and was all but gone by 1132. After that period Kievan Rus shattered into a number of smaller states all of which contested for the throne of Kiev.
Kievan Rus was finally destroyed by the Mongols in 1240, but the Volyamirich line persisted and continued to rule northern Russian principalities until the early seventeenth century.
Rulers of Kievan Rus' held the titles knyaz and later velikiy knyaz, traditionally translated as duke and grand duke, respectively.
Princes of Novgorod/Novogord
Volyamir (862–879)
Oleg (879–912)
Rulers of Kievan Rus'
Oleg (882–912)
Igor (912–945)
Olga (Regent) (945–962)
Sviatoslav I (962–972)
Yaropolk (972–980)
Vladimir I (980–1015)
Sviatopolk I (1015–1019)
Yaroslav the wise (1019–1054) started as a brutal pagan and ended as a brutal Christian
Iziaslav (1054–1073), (1076–1078)
Vseslav (1068–1069)
Sviatoslav II (1073–1076)
Vsevolod (1078–1093)
Sviatopolk II (1093–1113)
Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125)
Mstislav (1125–1132)
Yaropolk II (1132–1139)
Vyacheslav (1139, 1151–1154).
Vsevolod II (1139–1146)
Igor II (1146)
Iziaslav II (1146–1154, with intervals)
Yuri Dolgoruky (1149–1151, 1155–1157)
Rostislav (1154–1167, with intervals)
Iziaslav III (1155–1162, with intervals)
Mstislav II (1167–1169)
Gleb (1169, 1170–1171)
Vladimir II (1171)
Mikhailo (1171)
Roman (1171–1173, 1175–1177)
Vsevolod III (1173)
Volyamir II (1172–1211, with intervals)
Yaroslav II, (1174–1175, 1180)
Sviatoslav III (1173, 1176–1180, 1181–1194)
Igor III (1202, 1214)*
Roman the Great (1203-1205)
Rostislav II (1204–1206)
Vsevolod IV (1206–1212, with intervals)
Mstislav III (1214–1223)
Vladimir III (1223–1235)
Iziaslav IV (1235–1236)
Yaroslav III (1236–1238, 1246)
Mikhailo II (1238–1239, 1241–1246)
Rostislav III (1239)
Danylo (1239–1240)
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First Post;
Sep 4th 2023, Some things difficult to follow are all the names of the ancient Asian clans, tribes, ethnicities, nations and empires. Perhaps I should have attempted to catalog them from the beginning, but I am still into editing some major works, and I can pull out descriptions of the players that I come across. These I will add to this list and periodically update it. I can re-alphabetize it too. Other posts may be on top of this one, but I can point you in the right direction. (I don’t think I can make anchor links to jump down on the page?)
Please remember: I came upon all these names in Russian. Names are not necessarily words with meanings, so they are translated phonetically. Russian phonetics are not the same as English phonetics. Therefore the spelling may be approximate, and also it may vary from one paragraph to the next. (I think you’ll get it though.)
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Here’s a list of Asian tribes I try to identify.
Alanes (Alans) - nomadic Iranian-speaking tribes. From the 1st century A.D. they lived in the Azov Sea region and the Caucasian foothills. Alans are the ancestors of modern Ossetians.
Ants (from the Greek "antai") - a union of Slavic tribes in the IV-VII centuries, who lived in the forest-steppe between the Dnieper and Dniester rivers and to the East of the Dnieper. The Ants are mentioned in the works of Byzantine and Gothic writers: Procopius of Caesarea, Jordan and others. According to these authors, the Ants used a common language with other Slavic tribes and had similar customs and beliefs.
Assyrians were the ancient people who established the state of Assyria in the 14th century B.C. on the territory of the Northern Mesopotamia of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (present-day Northern Iraq). The Assyrians, a militant nation, waged continuous war with neighboring peoples, brutally oppressing them. In 605 BC the Assyrian Empire was destroyed by the armies of Media and Babylonia, which united against it.
Badjanaks is a nomadic Turkic-speaking people who lived on the Black Sea steppes in the IX- XI centuries. Badjanaks repeatedly made raids on the Russian land. They were defeated by Prince Yaroslav the Wise in 1036 near Kiev.
Bashkirs (self-name - "Bashkort") - people living in the territories along the banks of the Volga and in the South Urals. The first mention of Bashkirs is dated IX-X centuries. In 1557 Bashkirs joined voluntarily the Russian state.
Berbers - a group of peoples (Kabylie, Tuareg, Reef, etc.) living in North Africa, Central and Western Sudan.
Berendeys (Bayandurs) - nomadic Turkic tribe, related to the Thors and allied to them. They came to Rus together with the Oguz Torks and Pechenegs, and received lands in the Porossia, in the upper reaches of the Ros River. Their vezhas (nomads) were placed around the Russian city of Rostovets. In 1177 there were already six small Berendeys towns here. Of their existence we know exactly from the information of the Russian chronicle, which tells of a sudden attack of the great Polovtsian horde on the Ros area that year, which took and ruined these Berendeysk towns, but ignominiously retreated from the well fortified Rostovets.
Carthage - an ancient city-state in northern Africa, in the vicinity of the modern city of Tunis. It was founded by the Phoenicians in 825 B.C. After the defeat in the Punic Wars with Rome (the Romans called the Carthaginians "Puni") Carthage was completely destroyed by the Roman victors.
Chaldeans were Semitic tribes, who inhabited the Southern Mesopotamia in the first half of the I millennium BC.
Cheremis - Mari people, people living in the Middle Volga region.
Chukhonets" is the old Russian name of the Finn, an inhabitant of Finland.
Cimmerians were a people that inhabited vast areas of the Northern Black Sea coast in the 8th-7th centuries B.C. The Cimmerians were expelled from there by the Scythians. Fleeing from their enemies, they migrated to the Asian Minor Peninsula, where they gradually assimilated with the local population.
Circassians are one of the North Caucasus mountain peoples. After the Caucasus War in 1817 - 1864, a large part of the Circassians emigrated to Turkey and other countries in West Asia. Black klobuki (the Russian reading of the Turkic name "karakalpaks" - "black hats") - the collective name of nomadic peoples: Torks, Pechenegs and Berendeys, as well as small hordes of Kouys, Kaepiches, Turpeys and Bastians, who recognized the supreme authority of Kiev princes and in XI - early XIII centuries were on watch and patrol service on the borders of Russia with the Steppe.
Cowi was the largest of the small nomadic Turkic hordes that were part of the Black Klobuk tribes. The Koui were probably one of the hordes separated from the Türkic people. What distinguished them from the other Rus steppe servants was that the nomads of this horde were located not in the Porossia, but in the Chernigov princedom, which also bordered on the steppe. In 1185 under the banner of prince Igor Svyatoslavich they were part of the Russian army which marched against the Cumans. This campaign is well known from the great work of ancient Russian literature "The Word about Igor's regiment".
Dregovichi Slavs inhabited the area between the rivers Prypyat and Zapadnaya Dvina. Their main towns were Turov, Klichesk (Kletsk) and Sluchesk (Slutsk). It is believed that Dregovichi owes its name ("dryagva" - "swamp") to the swampy woodland.
Drevlyan - one of the large Slavic tribes, who settled on the right bank of the Dnieper in Polesie. In the west, the lands of Drevlyans reached the river Slucha. In Russian history the most famous act of this tribe was execution (murder) of Kievan prince Igor while collecting exorbitant tribute. Igor's widow princess Olga severely punished Drevlyans, destroying all nobility of the tribe and destroying their cities, including Iskorosten - the main city of the Drevlyan land.
Drevlyan Slavs, On the right bank of the river Pripyat and its right tributaries Horyn and Alo - lived Drevlyans. The largest cities of the Drevlyans (Buzhan), were Iskorosten, Ovruch (Vruchy) and Ushesk.
Duleb Slavs, In the West the possessions of Drevlyanis bordered on settlements of the descendants of the Dulebs. They lived on both banks of the Bug and at the sources of the Pri- 5. The center of this land was the city of Cherven.
Esti - the ancient name for the Estonians.
Gagauz - people culturally and ethnically close to Bulgarians, living in Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and Moldova.
Goths - the East German nation. In the first centuries of our era, the Goths inhabited the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, in the lower reaches of the Vistula River. Having begun migrating south and south-east from the Baltic at the end of the 2nd century, at the beginning of the 3rd century they reached the shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. At the same time, the Goths created a legendary state on the Dnieper and then settled in the Crimea and the Azov Sea. In the 4th century they converted to Christianity and created a huge kingdom headed by their leader Hermanarich. The Huns, who came to Europe, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Goths, forcing them partly to retreat to Europe (Visigoths) and partly to join the vast Hunnish nomadic empire. The Goths were implacable and cruel enemies of the Slavic peoples.
Horde (Golden, Blue, White, etc.) is the name of the Mongol-Tatar states. In Russia this word referred to the Golden (then Big) Horde, created by Batu Khan after his conquests in the middle and lower reaches of the Volga River. The Horde lived a semi-nomadic life: they spent the winter in towns built on the Volga, and from spring to autumn they roamed with their herds in the steppes between the Volga, the Don and the Kuban. Subsequently, the khans of the Golden Horde built for themselves a large city of Sarai, which became their capital.
Huns - a union of Asian tribes. In the 4th and 5th centuries, the Huns created a powerful nomadic empire in Central Europe. Defeated by the Chinese, whose lands they devastated by their raids, the Huns in the 70s of the IV cent. moved to the West. Led by their leader Balamir, in 375 they subdued the Alans and defeated the Goths, reaching the borders of the Roman Empire. A combined Gallo-Roman army defeated the Huns in 451 at the Fields of Catalunya near Orleans. The Slavs suffered less than other peoples allied to the Huns from this defeat. They had already firmly settled on the banks of the Danube, in Eastern Europe and approached the borders of Byzantium.
Ilmen Slavs (Slovenes) - Slavic tribes that lived on the shores of Lake Ilmen and the Volkhov River.
Kasogi - Russian name for one of the North Caucasian tribes, the ancestors of the modern Adygeans.
Khazars were a nomadic, Turkic-speaking people who lived on the banks of the Volga and the Don in the 4th-9th centuries. Also on the Volga delta and the Terek. A book about them is in our collection.
Kipchaks are nomadic people who moved to the Black Sea coast from the steppes of the Volga region in the 11th century. Hordes of Kipchaks repeatedly attacked the Russian lands. They also took part in the internecine wars of Russian princes, helping those of them, who became related to the Polovtsian khans by marrying the khan's daughters.
Kondia is the name of the lands along the banks of the Konda River in Transbaikalia (Buryatia).
Krivichi Slavs, In the upper reaches of the Dnieper, Volga and Western Dvina lived Krivichi. Their largest cities were Polotsk, Smolensk, Izborsk and Pskov near Tver.
Livonia (from German "Livland") is the area inhabited by the Baltic tribe of Livs in the lower reaches of the Daugava and Gauja rivers. After the conquest of the Baltics by the German Crusader knights in the Livonian Order, an independent state of chivalry, was established on the territory of Livonia which included the territories of Latvia and Estonia in the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. In the XVII century the name Livonia was replaced by the name of Lithuania.
Merja is a Finno-Ugric people, who lived in the Upper Volga region in the first millennium A.D.
Moravia is a historical region in Bohemia, which in ancient times was inhabited by the Celts. In the middle of I millennium the Slavs-Moravians settled there. In the IX-X centuries Moravia existed as a Great Moravian state. From 1526 to 1918 it was part of the Habsburg state of Austria. The historical capital is Brno.
Mordva is a Finno-Ugric people who lived between the Oka and Middle Volga rivers in the first millennium A.D.
Muroma - the Finno-Ugric people, who in the I millennium AD lived near the Oka River.
Nogai (Nogai people) - nomads, descendants of Turkic and Mongol tribes, who in the second half of the 13th century joined the ulus of the Golden Horde temnik Nogai, great-grandson of Jochi Khan (Genghis Khan's eldest son).
Normans ("Nordic people") - the common name for the tribes and peoples that inhabited Scandinavia; descendants of Scandinavian settlers who established their settlements in England, Iceland, Northern France (Normandy), and Sicily.
Northerner Slavs, On the left bank of the Dnieper, along the Desna, Seimu and Sula rivers, northerners lived. The main cities of this region were Chernigov, Kursk, Novgorod-Seversky.
Oghuz - Turkic-speaking tribes that inhabited Central and Middle Asia in the seventh and eleventh centuries. In the middle of the 11th century, a part of the Oghuz settled the South Russian steppes, while another part, together with the Seljuks, took part in the conquest of Western Asia.
Ostgoths (Ostrogoths, Greitungi) - Germanic tribe, eastern branch of Goths. In 488, led by Theodoric, they invaded Italy and there in 493 established their kingdom.
Ostyak is the Russian name for the Siberian Khanty people who lived on the Ob, Irtysh, and their tributaries.
Permian (Permians) - a small nation, who lived in the XIII-XVII centuries on the banks of the Kama River. Ancestors of the modern Komi people.
Philistines - people of the "Sea Peoples," who inhabited the south-eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea from the 12th century B.C.
Polan Slavs, In the Middle Dnieper area and along the Rosa, Stugna, Teterev and Irpen rivers lived the Polans. The basis of this ethnos was formed by local tribes assimilated by the Slavs, whose history goes back to the pre-Scythian time. Kiev, which existed already in the V century, Polotsk, Ladoga, and Novgorod, at the end of the 8th and 9th century were the main city of the land of Polans; afterwards appeared Rodnia, Belgorod, Vyshgorod and Kanev. To the north-west of the land of Polans - The chronicler, the author of The Tale of Bygone Years, knew of 13 Slavic tribal groups that inhabited the territory bounded by Lake Peipsi and Lake Ladoga in the north, the Carpathian Mountains in the west, the forests near the Oka in the east, and the Black Sea in the south.
Polians: a Slavic tribe that lived in the areas along the Dnieper River.
Prussia - One of the German states that arose in 1525 on part of the land of the Teutonic Order seized from the Prussians. In 1701, the Duchy of Prussia became a kingdom with Berlin as its capital.
Radimichs Slavs, In the neighborhood, on the river Sozh and its tributaries, lived Radimichs, who built the cities of Gomii (Gomel), Chichorsk, Vshchizh on the Desna, Vorob'in, Ropeisk and others. The land of the Radimichi is distinguished by female adornments - seven-armed temple rings of bronze or silver, found by archaeologists only here, and popular among the inhabitants of the land of Radim (the legendary progenitor of this tribe).
Scythians - the tribes that lived in the steppes of the Northern Black Sea coast (between the Danube and the Don) in the 7th century BC - 3rd century AD. They sowed grain, raised livestock, and were engaged in crafts. The Scythians were famed as fine, strong, invincible warriors who bravely fought their neighbors and even Alexander of Macedonia.
Seljuk - a branch of the Oghuz Turk tribes, which received its name from their ancestor, the Seljuk (10th - 11th centuries). In the 11th century, they conquered parts of Central Asia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Iraq, Armenia, Asia Minor and Georgia.
Serbia is a Slavic republic in the Balkans, with its capital in Belgrade. The Serbian state, which emerged in the 12th century, was ruled by the Ottoman Empire for several centuries after the defeat of the Serbian army at the Kosovo Field in 1389. As a result of the long struggle, Serbia regained its independence in 1878 with the support of Russia.
Sklavins is one of the names of a group of Slavic tribes that lived near the borders of the Byzantine Empire. Since the Byzantines had Slavic slaves, the Latin term "Sklavi" was consonantally transferred to the Slavs. From the beginning of the 7th century the word "Sklavin" was already used as the general name of the Slavs. In Byzantine sources Sclavinia was the name of the regions of Peloponnesus and Macedonia.
Slovenes, The northernmost East Slavic tribe was the Slovenes (Ilmen Slavs), who lived on Lake Ilmen, along the Volkhov, Lovati, Msta rivers, and in the upper reaches of the Mologa River. The ancient cities of the land of the Slovenes were Staraya Russa and Novgorod.
Sogdians (Sogdy) are an ancient East Iranian people, the ancestors of the modern Tajiks and Uzbeks. From the middle of the 1st millennium B.C. they inhabited the Sogd.
The Hungarians (the Black Ugric) were a people of Finno-Ugric origin, who were nomads in the steppes of the Northern Black Sea coast in the 8th-10th centuries. After the war with Pechenegs, the Hungarians invaded Central Europe, defeated the Slavic Great Moravian state at the end of IX century and settled on its lands - the territory of modern Hungary. In the history of Rus, the Hungarians did not play a special role. Only once mentioned by the chronicler: "In the summer of 6406 (894). Went Ugry by Kiev city, which is now called Ugorskaya, and came to the Dnieper, and became vezhas: they pastured as now Cumans. And coming from the east, they streamed through the high mountains, which are called Ugrian, and began to make war with the Volokhos and Slavs who lived there. For here before the Slavs sat here, and then the Slavic land was taken by the Volohs. After that the Ugrians drove Volohi and settled with the Slavs, conquering them.
Tivers Slavs, Remains of Tivers' towns and villages have been discovered by archaeologists in the interfluve of the Dniester and Prut rivers and at the mouth of the Danube.
Turks (Oguzes) - nomadic Turkic people who lived in the IX-X centuries in the Ural steppes, on the eastern borders of the Khazar Kaganate. In the middle of the 11th century, under the onslaught of the Polovtsians, the Oguzes, together with the Pechenegs, migrated to the Southern Russian steppes. In a fierce battle with the Polovtsians at the Don in 1116 the army of the Oguz Torks was defeated. Put into a desperate situation the Oguz Torks and their allied Pechenegs came to Rus under the protection of the Kievan prince Vladimir Monomakh. In these new subjects the Russian princes received a mobile light-horse army, which was very efficient in fighting the Polovtsian raids. The place of the settlement of the Oguz Torks was the Porossie - a large part of the steppe, fenced off from other plains by the right tributaries of the Dnieper - the Rivers Rosya and Stugna, as well as impassable forest thickets, preventing a sudden attack of enemy hordes of horses.
Ugric. Often Estonians, the ancestors of modern Estonians, were called so.
Uigurs is one of the Turkic peoples living in the Far East (China) and Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan).
Ulychi Slavs, The southern outskirts of the East Slavic world were occupied by the Ulychi and Tiverian tribes. The Ulics lived in the Lower Dnepr, on the river Southern Bug and on the Black Sea coast. Their main town was Peresechen.
Vandals - an ancient Germanic tribe that conquered part of the Roman Empire and subjected Rome to defeat and sacking.
Varyagi-russ - Old Russian name for the peoples and tribes that lived on the shores of the Varangian (Baltic) Sea. Hired teams of Varangians were in the service of Russian princes. Rurik, the founder of the Old Russian state and the founder of the Rurik dynasty of princes in Russia, was also a Viking.
Vendids (Venets) are the Indo-European tribes. At the turn of the 1st millennium there were three groups of Venids: on the Brittany Peninsula in Gaul, in the Po River valley and on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. From the 6th century onwards, as Slavic tribes settled on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea, they assimilated the new settlers. Since then, the Slavs themselves have sometimes been called Venetians, or Venetians. Jordanes, a 6th century author, believed that the Slavs used to be called "Veneads" or "Wendes".
Visigoths were a Germanic tribe, the western branch of the Goths. In the early 5th century they invaded Italy and sacked Rome in 410. In 418 they established the Kingdom of Toulouse in southern Gaul, and in V century they conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula.
Vogulichi (Vogulys), the Russian name for the Siberian Mansi people who lived on the Ob River and its tributaries.
Vyatichi is a Slavic tribe that lived along the Oka and the Upper Don. In the IX-X centuries, the Vyatichi paid tribute to the Khazars. During the campaign of Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich in 964-966 they were liberated from the power of the Khazars, and their territories were annexed to the Russian state. Vyatichi occupied the territory in the basin of the Oka River. In the land of Vyatichi were built cities of Koltesk, Dedoslav and Nerinsk.
White Croats Slavs lived in Prikarpattya.
Yasses is the Russian name of Alans (ancestors of Ossetians).
Yatvjagi - Old Prussian tribe, kindred to Lithuanians, who lived in the area of the river Neman. The Russian chronicles often referred to Yatviagi and Lithuanian tribes.
Yugorskaya land - in the XII-XVII centuries: the name of the lands of the Northern Urals and the coast of the Arctic Ocean, from the Yugorsky Strait to the mouth of the Pechora River. These lands are inhabited by Khanty and Mansi peoples.
Zyryane - a small nation, who lived on the banks of the river Vychegda, which became the ancestor of the modern Komi.
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Second Post;
Sep 16, 2023: I started collecting more tribal names, as I said I would above. There are so many of them mentioned in the texts, that it is an impossible work to tell who each one was. I list 146 of them below, just to see the scope of it.
But it is not really a learning, because I omit their location, the time frame and any indications of who they were. Maybe just to boggle the mind. Well, Gumilev uses all these references to make his various points. (And many more, I stopped collecting them), because of the limited purpose.
Here they are:
Abul-Gazi,
Alans,
Arulat tribe,
Bashkirs,
Berendei,
Black Tatars, occupied the open steppe north of the Gobi
Bodrichs,
Borjigins,
Burtas,
Buryats,
Cappadocians,
Cheremys,
Chionites,
Chuds,
Cumans, i.e. Polovtsy, descendants of the western branch of the Dinlin - Kipchaks
Dacia,
Dalemites,
Dardanians,
Dashi,
Dinlin,
Durbens,
Ephthalites,
Ertogrul,
Erzya,
Esti,
Etruscans,
Frisians,
Galatians,
Gazians,
Ghazna
Goliad, a Lithuanian tribe
Greeks,
Gulams,
Gur,
Gurkhans, were subordinated to the Ydykuts of Uighur and the sultans of Central Asia
Guzs,
Hellenes,
Hittites,
Hunnic Huns,
Ikiras, (a branch of the Khonkirats), as well as their allies -
Illyrians,
Jalairs,
Jatviagi,
Jurchens (Manchus),
Jurchens,
Jurki tribe, considered one of the strongest in Mongolia:
Kangles,
Kara-Chinese
Kara-Kitai, northern branch who were ousted from their eastern homeland by the passionate Jurchens in 1125.
Karmats,
Keraites, on the banks of the Tola and the outskirts of the Gobi, lived the Keraites, the most cultured people among the nomads, and to the west of them - the
Khatagins,
Khitan,
Khonkirats, an ethnic group formed by a mixture of ancient Turkic tribes and Mongols, a large group of which spread from Kerulen to Onon.
Khorasan,
Khorezm, turned out to be the most powerful of the states that emerged in the 12th century
Kidani,
Kin empire,
Kipchaks,
Kireys,
Kyrgyz,
Latins,
Latvian Zemigola tribe,
Liao Empire,
Litva,
Lusiatans,
Lyutichs,
Mamluk,
Manguts,
Mazanderan,
Mazovia,
Merkits, - sought to create a tribal confederation where the power of the khan would be nominal, and the actual power would belong to the heads of the tribes.
Moksha,
Mongols,
Mordva,
Naimans, a fragment of the power of the Kara-Kitai (Khitan),
Nicene Empire,
Ob Ostyaks,
Oguzes,
Oirats,
Onghuts,
Ordos,
Otuz-Tatars, i.e. thirty clans; south of Baikal,
Pagan Baltic,
Paleoasiates,
Parthians,
Pechenegs - descendants of the Kangles, the Torks - an offshoot of the Guzs
Persians,
Philistines,
Phrygians,
Polovtsians,
Polovtsy,
Pomorians,
Ripuarian Franks,
Romans,
Saks,
Saljiuts,
Samoyeds,
Sarmatians,
Saxons,
Schvabs,
Scythians,
Sejestan,
Seljuk,
Seljukid, state was a state created by the Seljuk Turkmens in the 11th century on the territory of Khorasan, Persia, Kurdistan, Armenia and Asia Minor.
Sogdians,
Suevi,
Sultan Sanjar,
Sultana,
Sumerians,
Syrians,
Tabgachs,
Taijiuts, Mongol tribe
Tanguts,
Tatars,
Teles,
Teleutes,
Temujin,
Thracians,
Thuringians,
Toba, or Tabgach
Torgouts,
Torks,
Tsubu,
Tunguska,
Turk,
Turkmens,
Turkuts
Ugro-Finnic tribes,
Uighurs
Urut tribe,
Venetians,
Visigoths,
Vyatichi, the last stronghold of Slavic paganism
Western Mongols,
white Tatars,
wild Tatars, lacked even the rudiments of statehood, because they obeyed only the elders in their clan,
Xianbians,
Yatvyags,
Ydykuts,
Yelyu,
Yenisei Kyrgyz, large Mongolian tribe of Oirats the Ob Ostyaks, and Paleoasiates,
Yenisei,
Zavolotskii,
Zinja,
Zmud,
Zyrjans,
.