Chronology, (IX century - 1725) Rus 2 Russia
Like a table of contents, it's what's in this book. I also suggest this as a Study Tool, if you really want to know how Russia was formed and what contradictions arose and how they were resolved.
This is an addendum in the book. These are the ancient chronicles, notably from "Tale of Bygone Years" by Nestor. (Of course after his time other historians are quoted, often named at the end of each entry.) The monk Nestorius lived and worked in the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, the cultural center of Kyiv, where anti-Greek attitudes were strong in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
Many of these old chronicles are synthetic, slanted and romanticized. Still, they gave a sequence, the dates of which were sometimes manipulated. It is a string of events, and maybe history as we know it. But knowing the events is not knowing the “why” it happened that way. There is limited understanding here. For this I suggest comparing it to how Gumilev treats the subject matter.
TOOL FOR STUDY: I am suggesting that it is useful to follow along this time-line while reading these chapters. You can open this post on another tab. You can locate what Gumilev is talking about and see what he adds or leaves out.
Better Yet: I suggest to copy/paste this on your own file. Then if you choose to take notes, you can fit them into the framework of time. If Gumilev says something of import, copy/paste it into your file. If you have a question, record it, and see if the answer comes later. If you look something up: “Kipchak ancient people”, you can write what you find in your time/line, “The Kipchaks or Qipchaks, also known as Kipchak Turks or Polovtsians, were a Turkic nomadic people and confederation that existed in the Middle Ages, inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe”. It comes up on the side bar of the search page. You don’t even have to open the Wikipedia page. This may be important, because so many “names” are thrown about.
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A particularly difficult period to sort out is the Kievan Rus time, with so many princes in the Rurik line, vying for power. 862 AD to 1240. In the end they were lasting only a year or two, killing each other was an annual event. Also to come to power you had to kill all of your brothers and uncles (who didn’t make it onto this list.) I will make a list that will help with Kievan-Rus this time-line:
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Budiniku Bojanu Volimiru Volimirie (Volyamir in Russian), a Nassian duke, was at the roots of Kievan Rus. He founded the Volyamirich dynasty that would rule Russia for the next 800 years. Volyamir's capital was the northern city of Novgorod. His successor Oleg relocated the capital to Kiev at around 880, thus laying the foundation of what has become known as Kievan Rus.
While the early rulers of Rus were of Nassian and Scandinavian origin (Volyamir's wife Helga was Scandinavian), they gradually merged into the local East Slavic population. Still, in the 11th century, Yaroslav, (called Arosilavu in Nassian chronicles and Jarisleif in Scandinavian) maintained the dynastic links, married a Nassians princess, and gave asylum to king Olaf II of Norway.
The movement of nobility also went in the opposite direction. According to Adam of Bremen, Anant Gordeku (Anund Gardske in Swedish), a man from Kievan Rus was elected king of Sweden, ca 1070. However, as he was a Christian, he refused to sacrifice to the gods at the Parun Temple of Uppsala and he was deposed by popular vote.
The unity of Kievan Rus gradually declined, and was all but gone by 1132. After that period Kievan Rus shattered into a number of smaller states all of which contested for the throne of Kiev.
Kievan Rus was finally destroyed by the Mongols in 1240, but the Volyamirich line persisted and continued to rule northern Russian principalities until the early seventeenth century.
Rulers of Kievan Rus' held the titles knyaz and later velikiy knyaz, traditionally translated as duke and grand duke, respectively.
Princes of Novgorod
Volyamir (862–879)
Oleg (879–912)
Rulers of Kievan Rus'
Oleg (882–912)
Igor (912–945)
Olga (Regent) for young Sviatoslav (945–962)
Sviatoslav I (962–972)
Yaropolk (972–980)
Vladimir I (980–1015)
Sviatopolk I (1015–1019)
Yaroslav the wise (1019–1054) started as a brutal pagan, ended as a brutal Christian
Iziaslav (1054–1073), (1076–1078)
Vseslav (1068–1069)
Sviatoslav II (1073–1076)
Vsevolod (1078–1093)
Sviatopolk II (1093–1113)
Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125)
Mstislav (1125–1132)
Yaropolk II (1132–1139)
Vyacheslav (1139, 1151–1154).
Vsevolod II (1139–1146)
Igor II (1146)
Iziaslav II (1146–1154, with intervals)
Yuri Dolgoruky (1149–1151, 1155–1157)
Rostislav (1154–1167, with intervals)
Iziaslav III (1155–1162, with intervals)
Mstislav II (1167–1169)
Gleb (1169, 1170–1171)
Vladimir II (1171)
Mikhailo (1171)
Roman (1171–1173, 1175–1177)
Vsevolod III (1173)
Volyamir II (1172–1211, with intervals)
Yaroslav II, (1174–1175, 1180)
Sviatoslav III (1173, 1176–1180, 1181–1194)
Igor III (1202, 1214)*
Roman the Great (1203-1205)
Rostislav II (1204–1206)
Vsevolod IV (1206–1212, with intervals)
Mstislav III (1214–1223)
Vladimir III (1223–1235)
Iziaslav IV (1235–1236)
Yaroslav III (1236–1238, 1246)
Mikhailo II (1238–1239, 1241–1246)
Rostislav III (1239)
Danylo (1239–1240)
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Middle VI century - The first mention of the Slavs in foreign sources. Procopius of Caesarea, a Byzantine historian, in his book "War with the Goths" wrote: "...These tribes, the Slavs and Antes, (Ants) are not ruled by a single person, but have lived under the rule of a people (democracy) for a long time; therefore, their happiness and misfortune in life are considered a common thing. And in all other things both these barbaric tribes have all life and laws the same.
They live, occupying most of the bank of the Istra (Danube), on the other side of the river."
HERE’S THE TIME/LINE OF THIS BOOK
862 - Calling of the Vikings by the Slavs for governing and judging. "And three brothers with their clans were chosen and took with them all Rus', and came to the Slovenes first, and cut down the city of Ladoga, and there sat in Ladoga the oldest Rurik, and another, Sineus, on the White lake, and the third, Truvor, in Izborsk. And from those Vikings the Russian land was called "The Tale of Bygone Years".
862 - Embassy of Moravian prince Rostislav to Byzantine emperor Michael with a request to send Christian preachers to educate Slavs. The ambassadors addressed the emperor with a speech: "Our land has been baptized, but we have no teacher who would instruct and teach us, and interpret the Holy books, for we know neither Greek nor Latin. Send us teachers who can tell us about the book words and their meaning." The emperor summoned Constantine the Philosopher to himself and ordered him to create a Slavic alphabet and to travel to Moravia to preach Christianity.
863 - Constantine (Cyril) the Philosopher created Slavic alphabet called "Cyrillic alphabet". Translation of the Holy Scripture and liturgical books into Slavic language by Cyril and Methodius.
864 - Beginning of Rurik's one-man reign in Novgorod and the formation of his state. "Two years later Sineus and his brother Truvor died. And Rurik alone took all the power, and came to the Ilmen, and cut down a town above the Volkhov, and named it Novgorod, and sat there to reign, distributing parishes and breaking up towns - to Polotsk, to Rostov, to Beloozero" ("The Tale of Bygone Years").
864 - a campaign of boyars Askold and Dir, friends of Rurik, to Tsargrad. "And they set out along the Dnieper, and passing by, they saw a town on the mountain. And they asked, "Whose town is this?" And they said to them, "There were three brothers: Kiy, Schek and Khoriv, who built this town and died, and we, their descendants, are sitting here and paying tribute to the Khazars. Askold and Dir remained in the city, and gathered a host of Vikings around them, and began to rule the land of the Polans" ("The Tale of Bygone Years").
864-879. - Rurik's reign in Novgorod.
879-912. - Oleg's reign.
879-882. - Oleg's reign in Novgorod.
882 - The capture of Kiev by Prince Oleg and the foundation of the Grand Duchy of Kiev. In the annals it says about this event: "Oleg went on a campaign, having taken with him many warriors: Vikings, Chudes, Slovenes, Merya, Vesi, Krivichi, and came to Smolensk. From there he went down and took Dyubech. And they came to the mountains of Kiev, and Oleg found out that Askold and Dir were the princes here. And he has hidden some soldiers in boats, and others have left behind, and he has approached to mountains, carrying juvenile Igor. And sailed under Ugorskoe, having covered his soldiers, and has sent to Askold and Dir, speaking to them: " I am a guest, and we go to Greeks from Oleg and prince Igor. Come to us, your kinsmen". When Askold and Dir came, soldiers have jumped out of ships, and Oleg has told Askold and Dir: "You are not princes and not princely sort, I am princely sort". And they took out Igor: "And this is the son of Rurik". And they killed Ascold and Dir, and brought him to the mountain, and buried Ascold on the mountain which is called Ugrian. On that grave Olma put the church of St. Nicholas. And the Dir grave - behind the church of sacred Irina. And Oleg sat down to reign in Kiev. And Oleg said: "This shall be the mother of all Russian cities".
907 and 911. - Oleg's campaigns to Byzantium in Tsargrad.
907 and 911. - Signing of treaties "Russ with Greeks".
912-945. - The reign of Igor.
913 г. - A campaign of prince Igor on Drevlyan. He defeated the Drevlyans, concluded a treaty with them and imposed a tribute on them.
913 г. - The first Caucasian campaign of Prince Igor.
941 and 944. - The campaigns of Prince Igor against Byzantium in Tsargrad. Going on his second Igor gathered a great army: the Varangians and Rus, Polans, Slovenes and Krivichi, and Tiberians, and hired Pechenegs, and went on the Greeks in rooks and on horses, seeking revenge for himself. Having heard about it, Korsunian has sent to Roman with words: " They come Russ, not to count their ships, have covered all the sea these ships ". Also, Bulgarian have sent a message, informing: " They come Russ and have employed with itself Pechenegian ". Hearing of this, the tsar sent to Igor the best boyars with a plea: "Don't go, but take the tribute that Oleg took, I'll add even more to that tribute." - So, the annals tell about the second campaign of prince Igor.
943 - The Second Caucasian campaign of prince Igor.
944 - Signing of the treaty "between Rus' and the Greeks".
945 - The murder of Prince Igor by the Drevlyanian. "Igor listened to his troops, went to the Drevlyan" for a tribute and added a new tribute to the previous one. And his men committed violence over Drevlyanian people. Having taken a tribute, he went to his city. Having reflected, he has told to the brigade: "Go with a tribute home, and I shall come back and collect more". And he let his troops go home, and he returned with a small part of his troops, wanting more wealth. Drevlyanian, come out from the city of Iskorosten, killed Igor and his troops, as there were their few. And Igor was buried" (The Tale of Bygone Years).
945-957. - The Reign of Olga, the wife of Prince Igor, as regent for her infant son Svyatoslav.
The years 945-946. - Subjection of the Drevlyans to the authority of the Kiev princes.
957-972. - The reign of Svyatoslav.
959 - A trip of princess Olga with trading people to Byzantium; baptizing of princess. Olga (Christian name - Helen) in Constantinople. "Olga went to the Greek land and came to Constantinople," the chronicle says. - And Caesar Constantine reigned at that time. And Olga came to him. And the king saw her beautiful face and reasonable. He was astonished, talking to her, at her intelligence, and said to her: "You are worthy to reign with us in our capital." And she, hurraying at the meaning of what was said, answered the king: "I am a heathen. If you wish to baptize me, baptize me yourself. Otherwise, I will not be baptized. So, the king and the patriarch baptized her. And when she was enlightened, she rejoiced in body and soul. And the patriarch instructed her in the faith and said to her: "Blessed art thou in Russian wives, as you loved the light and left the darkness. Bless you Russian sons and your descendants".
964-966. - Strengthening of the borders of the Kiev power: defeat of the Volga Bulgars and destruction of the Khazar Khaganate. Svyatoslav's contemporary the Arabian geographer Ibn-Haukal wrote: "Now there is no trace left of the Bulgars, Burtasians and Khazars, because the Rus humiliated them all, took away from them and annexed their land to itself. And those who escaped the hands of the Rus, scattered in neighboring places, hoping to come to terms with the Rus and become under its power".
967-972. - Svyatoslav's campaigns to Bulgaria and Byzantium to Tsargrad. Describing the military battle of Dorostol, the Byzantine historian of the 10th century Leo Deacon wrote: "The armies converged, and a strong battle began, which was long in the equilibrium on both sides. The Dews, who acquired glory as victors among neighboring nations, considering it a terrible disaster to be deprived of it and defeated, but fought desperately. When some of the men spoke of retreat, Svyatoslav, sighing from the depths of his heart, said: "The glory, the companion of the weapons of the Dews, which effortlessly defeated neighboring nations and conquered whole countries without shedding blood, will perish if we now shamefully yield to the Romans. And so, with the bravery of our ancestors and with the thought that the Russian power has been invincible up to now, let us fight bravely for our lives. We do not flee to the homeland, but either live victorious, or, having accomplished glorious deeds, die with glory".
968 - Siege of Kiev by Pechenegs.
969 - Death of Princess Olga.
971 - Signing of the treaty "Russ with Greeks". In the text of the contract there are the following:
“I, Svyatoslav, prince of Russia, swore and I confirm by this treaty my oath: together with all Russians, boyars and the rest I wish to have peace and perfect love with any great king of Greece and all your people till the end of the world. And I shall never plan on your country, and I shall not collect on it soldiers, and I shall not lead foreigners on your country. And if any man plots against your country, I will be his adversary, and I will make war upon him.”
972-980. - Yaropolk's reign.
978 - The victory of prince Yaropolk above Pechenegian.
980 г. - Defeat of Yaropolk in the fight with Prince Vladimir on the river Druch by Smolensk. Smolensk. Murder of Prince Yaropolk.
The years 980-1015. - The reign of Vladimir.
980 г. - Carrying out a pagan reform by Prince Vladimir. "And Vladimir became the prince...
“And Vladimir began to live alone at Kiev, - the chronicler recorded, - and he placed idols on the hill behind the tower palace: a wooden Perun with a silver head and a golden mustache, then Khors, Dazhdbog, Stri-god, Simargl and Mokosh. And they offered sacrifices to them, calling them gods, and brought their sons and daughters to them".
981-985. - Expansion of the borders of the Old Russian state, the subjugation of neighboring tribes and the joining of their territories to the possessions of the Kiev prince.
981 - Joining of Peremyshl and Cherven towns to Kievan Rus.
981-982 - Conquest of the Vyatichi. - Conquest of the Vyatichi by prince Vladimir.
983 - Conquest of the Yatvians by Prince Vladimir.
984 - The conquest of Radimichi by Prince Vladimir.
984-985 - Conquest of the Radiats by Prince Vladimir. - Wars of prince Vladimir with the Kama Bulgars.
986-987 - The Trial of Faith by Prince Vladimir. –
988 - Baptism of Prince Vladimir (Christian name - Basil). "Vladimir said.
To the envoys of the Greek kings: "Say to your kings: I am being baptized, for I have experienced your law before, and I love your faith and worship, about which the men who were sent to me told me." And the Greek kings were glad" (The Tale of Bygone Years).
988 - Adoption of Christianity in Russia. After the baptism of the people of Kiev in the Dnieper, Prince Vladimir ordered to "cut down churches and put them in the places where the idols stood. And he set up a church in the name of St. Basil on the hill, where the idol of Perun and others stood, where the prince and the people made sacrifices to them. And in other cities they began to erect churches, and to set priests in them, and to bring people to be baptized in all the cities and villages. Vladimir began to take from the best people’s children and to give them for learning book. The mothers wept over them, for they were not yet established in the faith, and wept for them as for the dead" ("The Tale of Bygone Years").
988 -The appointment by Prince Vladimir of his sons as governors of Russian cities: Vysheslav in Novgorod, Izyaslav in Polotsk, Svyatopolk in Turov, Yaroslav in Rostov, Gleb in Murom, Vsevolod in Vladimir Volyn, Mstislav in Tmutarakan.
The years 992 and 995. - Battles with Pechenegs.
1015 г. - The death of Prince Vladimir. "Prince Vladimir died at Berestovo. His body was placed in the church of the Holy Mother of God, which he himself created. Having learned about it, people gathered together without number and cried about him: boyars as about the intercessor of the land, the poor as about their intercessor and breadwinner" ("The Tale of Bygone Years").
The years 1015-1019. - The reign of Svyatopolk Okainny.
1015 г. - The beginning of strife between Vladimir's sons. The murder of Prince Sviatopolk by his brothers Boris and Gleb?
1016 г. - The battle of Princes Sviatopolk and Yaroslav near Lyubech. The defeat of Sviatopolk and his flight to Poland.
1018-1019. - The wars of Yaroslav with Svyatopolk.
The years 1019-1054. - The reign of Yaroslav the Wise. Rostov.
1024 - Yaroslav's battle with his brother Mstislav at Listven. "And went on the offensive.
“And Mstislav with his warriors went offensive and began to cut Yaroslav's Varangians. And went strong fight, in light of lightning the weapon shone, and there was a great thunder-storm and strong and terrible sich. Seeing that he suffered defeat, Yaroslav ran. And Mstislav sent for Yaroslav, saying: "Sit you in Kiev, you are the older brother, and let me be this side. And Mstislav sat in Chernigov, and Yaroslav in Novgorod, and in Kiev were Yaroslav's men" ("The Tale of Bygone Years").”
1026 - Signing of peace between the princes Mstislav and Yaroslav in Gorodets. "Yaroslav took this side (Kiev), and Mstislav that side (Chernigov). And they began to live in peace and brotherly love, and the discord and rebellion came to an end, and great silence came upon the land" ("The Tale of Bygone Years").
1036 - Death of Prince Mstislav. The beginning of the sole reign of Yaroslav the Wise in Russia.
1036 - The victory of Prince Yaroslav over the Pechenegs near Kiev. "When Yaroslav was in Nov-town, the news came to him that the Pechenegs had encircled Kiev. Yaroslav gathered a multitude of soldiers and entered his city. And there were no numbers of Pechenegs. The Badjanaks went on the attack, and the opponents came together on the place where at present stands the church of the holy Sofia. And there was a fierce battle, and barely by evening Yaroslav had defeated them. And ran Pechenegian in different directions" ("The Tale of Bygone Years").
1037 - Founding by Yaroslav the Wise of Zolotye Vorota in Kiev, the Church of St. Sophia and later the monasteries of St. George and St. Irene.
1043 - Creation of the Tale of Law and Grace by the priest Hilarion, one of the most remarkable church works in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church.
1051 - The installation of "Ruthenian" Hilarion at the head of the Russian Orthodox Church without the prior approval of the patriarch of Constantinople.
1051 - Foundation of Kievo-Pechersky monastery.
1054 - Yaroslav the Wise divides the land between his sons: Kiev was given to the eldest son Izyaslav, Chernigov - to Svyatoslav, Pereyaslavl - to Vsevolod, Vladimir - to Igor, Smolensk - to Vyacheslav.
1054 - Death of prince Yaroslav Wise.
1054-1078. - Reign of Izyaslav I Yaroslavich in Kiev.
1056-1057. - Writing of the famous Ostromir Gospel for the Novgorod governor Ostromir.
1060 - The campaign of Princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod and Vseslav against the Torks. Under this year in the chronicles: "The Oguz Torks, hearing about the campaign, fled in terror, and died, some from cold, others from hunger, others from disease and the judgment of God. Thus, God saved Christians from the pagans".
1061 - The Cumans attacked the Russian land.
The years 1066-1068. - Beginning of the internecine strife in Russia: the struggle of Yaroslav's sons against the Polotsk Prince Vseslav.
1068 - Yaroslav's sons defeat in the fight with Polovtsians on the river Alt. "Came foreign tribesmen to the Russian land, a great number of the Polovtsians. Izyaslav and Svyatoslav and Vsevolod went out to meet them on Alta. And when night came, they went at each other. For our sins, God sent the pagans upon us, and the Rus princes fled, and the Polovtsians prevailed" ("The Tale of Bygone Years").
1068 - The victory of the prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich of Chernigov over the Polovtsy.
1068 - Rebellion of Kievers and expulsion of prince Izyaslav from the city.
1069 - Reestablishment of prince Izyaslav's power in Kiev with the help of Poles.
1072 - Transfer of relics of princes Boris and Gleb killed by Svyatopolk to Kiev.
About 1072 - Creation by Yaroslav's sons of the code of laws called "Yaroslavich's Pravda.”
1073-1076. - Reigning in Kiev of Svjatoslav Jaroslavich.
1073 - Svyatoslav's famous "Izbornik" written by Kievan scribes.
1076-1078. - Restoration of the power of prince Izyaslav in Kiev.
1078-1093. - Great reign of Vsevolod Yaroslavich.
1080 г. - The victory of prince Vladimir Vsevolodich over Pereyaslavl torcs.
1093 - the death of Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich. About his death the chronicler bitterly informed: "On April 14 the prince was laid in a coffin in the great church of Saint Sophia. This blessed Prince Vsevolod from his childhood was a lover of God, loving the truth, caring for the poor, venerating bishops and presbyters, excessively loving the Chernorets and giving them everything they needed. He himself also abstained from drunkenness and carnal pleasures, for which he was beloved by his father.”
The years 1093-1113. - The Great Reign of Sviatopolk Izyaslavovich.
1093 - Polovtsians' devastation of the South Russian lands.
1094 - Signing of peace with the Polovtsians. Marriage of prince Svyatopolk on the daughter of Polovetsky Prince Tugorkan.
1096 - Writing of the famous "Edification" by Prince Vladimir Monomakh.
"Evade evil and do good, seek peace and persecute evil, and live forever and ever. What you know how to do that is good, do not forget, and what you do not know, learn. For laziness is the mother of all vices: what one can do, he forgets, and what one cannot do, he does not learn. Do good, do not be lazy in anything good. Strive for all good works, praising God with his saints. Not afraid of death, neither in war, nor from the beast, fulfill, children, bravely work", - prince Vladimir preached.
1097 - The meeting of the Russian princes in Lyubech "for peace making". Conversations of the princes at the congress are reflected in the Russian chronicle: "Why do we destroy the Russian land, raising discord upon ourselves?” - they said. - And the Polovtsians are tearing our land apart and rejoice that we are torn apart by internecine strife. Let us now be united in one heart and observe the Russian land.
1097 - Blinding of prince Vasil'ko of Terebovl'ko at the request of prince Davyd and by order of prince Svyatopol'ko.
1100 г. - Meeting of the princes in Vitićev (Uvětichy) for punishment of prince Davyd for his crime. Conclusion of the peace between the princes.
1103 - Defeat of the Polovtsians at Suteni by princes Sviatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh.
1108 - Foundation of the city of Vladimir on the Klyazma.
1111 г. - The victory of the Russian princes over the Polovtsians at the river Salnica.
1113 г. - Rebellion in Kiev against the arbitrariness of moneylenders.
1113-1125. The reign of Vladimir Monomakh.
1113 г. - Adoption by Prince Vladimir Monomakh of the "Charter" about "zakupah" and "rez", which restricted usury.
1116 г. - The campaign of Prince Vladimir Monomakh with his sons against the Polovtsi and pacification of the Polovtsians.
1122 - Marriage of the grand-daughter of prince Vladimir Monomakh: she became the wife of the Greek emperor Alexei Komnin.
1125, May 19 - Death of the Prince Vladimir Monomakh. The Suzdal Chronicle records about this sad event so: "The death of the faithful and great prince Vladimir of Russia, decorated with good morals and glorified by victories. Before his name all countries tremble, and in all lands the rumor about him has passed. All the people and all the people wept for him, as children for their father or their mother.”
The years 1125-1132. - The Reign of Mstislav the Great, the son of Vladimir Monomakh.
1125-1157. - The reign of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in the Rostov-Suzdal princedom. The great Russian historian and "last chronicler" N. M. Karamzin noted that Prince Yuri was "overbearing but careless,” nicknamed Dolgoruky. He was famous in our history for the civil formation of the eastern region of ancient Russia, where he spent all the flowering years of his life. Having propagated the Christian faith there, this prince built churches in Suzdal, Vladimir, on the banks of the river Nerl...".
The years 1127-1130. - The struggle of Grand Duke Mstislav with the Polotsk appanage princes.
1130 г. - The campaign of Mstislav's sons against the Chud.
1131 - The campaign of prince Mstislav against Lithuania. Laying of the foundation of the church in the name of the Holy Virgin in Kiev, of the Mother of God (Pyrogoshaia).
1132, April 14 - Death of Prince Mstislav, son of Vladimir.
1132-1139. - The Great Kiev reign of Yaropolk Vladimirovich.
1136 - Rebellion in Novgorod. Exile of the prince Vsevolod Mstislavich. Beginning of the Nov-city republic. In the Suzdal chronicle it is written: "In the summer of 1136 the Novgorodians decided to expel their prince Vsevolod at an Evening. And they put him into the bishop's court with his wife and children and his mother-in-law. And the guards guarded him day and night with weapons, 30 men per day. And he was imprisoned for two months. And they would not let him in until another prince came".
1139-1146. - The great Kiev reign of Vsevolod Olgovich of Chernigov.
1146-1154. - Great Kiev reign of Izyaslav Mstislavich Volynsky.
1147 - The first annalistic mention of Moscow. "Folk legend ascribes the foundation of Moscow to Prince Yuri. The tale tells that in the place where Moscow is now, there lived in the time of Yuri a rich boyar Stepan Kuchka. His rich villages were located on both banks of the Moskva River. Prince Yuri once stopped on a passage through the possessions of Kuchka. The boyar, "becoming very proud", did not honor the prince and vilified him. Prince Yuri, not suffering such shame, ordered to seize the boyar and execute him. The prince liked very much the location of Kuchk's estate and ordered a fortress-town to be built on a high promontory at the confluence of the Neglinna river with the Moskva River. He ordered to call the town by the name of the river - Moscow. Many whether there is historical truth in the legend - it is impossible to say. But something true as if there is" (S. Knyazkov).
1155-1157. - The great Kiev princedom of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky.
1157-1159. - The reign of Izyaslav Davidovich in Kiev. Russian historian N. M. Karamzin, characterizing the peculiarities of the development of Old Russian state, wrote: "Izyaslav Davidovich remained the lord of Kyiv region alone and of some Chernigov cities. Pere-Yaslavl, Novgorod, Smolensk, Turov, the region of Goryn and all Western Russia then had their own independent sovereigns, and the dignity of the grand duke, formerly combined with power, became a mere empty title".
1157-1174. - Great Vladimir's reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky. "While striving to restore the autocracy of Russia in the times of Vladimir the Saint or Yaroslav the Wise, Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky at the same time wished to be an autocratic ruler in his own principality. He did not tolerate contradictions and treated his druzhinniks proudly and harshly. Displeased with his excessive strictness, the boyars finally formed a plot and assassinated the Grand Duke in his beloved village of Bogolyubovo in 1174" (D.I. Ilovaysky).
The years 1158-1161. - The construction of the Cathedral of the Assumption in Vladimir-on-Klyazma, which became the cathedral of the Orthodox Church in Russia. In the Suzdal Chronicle was made the following record of this event: "Prince Andrew in Vladimir laid the stone church of the Holy Virgin Mary, on April 8, the day of the Holy Apostle Rodion. And he gave her many possessions and bought slobodas (A sloboda was a type of settlement in the history of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. The name is derived from the early Slavic word for "freedom" and may be loosely translated as "free settlement".) with tribute, and the best villages, and tithes in their flocks, and a tenth of the trade".
1165 - Erection of the church of the Intercession on the river Nerl.
1168 - Victory of Mstislav of Kiev over Polovtsians.
1169 - Capture of Kiev by Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky and removal of the center of Rus from Kiev to Vladimir. "Andrei gave Kiev to his brother Gleb, but this city forever lost the right to be called the capital of the Fatherland. Gleb and his successors depended on Andrew, who from that time became the true grand prince of Russia. Thus, the city of Vladimir, new and still poor in comparison with the ancient capital, took its place, owing its fame to Andrey's dislike of southern Russia" (N. M. Karamzin).
1170 - The victory of Novgorodians over the troops of Andrey Bogolyubsky.
1170-1199. - The reign of Prince Roman Mstislavich in the Vladimir-Volyn principality. "Roman, a prince of militant, energetic character, became famous for his victories over the Polovtsians and Lithuania. The former were so intimidated that they terrified children with his name, and Lithuanian captives, according to legend, he ordered them to be harnessed to plows and forced them to clear the wooded ground for plowing. His favorite proverb: "There is no honey without crushing bees" (D.I. Ilovaysky).
1174, June 28 - The murder of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. "Prince Andrei was murdered on Saturday night, and in the light of the morning, on Sunday for the memory of the 12 apostles, he was dead. They found him lying under the haylofts and they laid him on a carpet with the children of Bogoliubov, and they carried him into the church and put him into a stone coffin, and they sang grave-songs over him" (The Suzdal Chronicle). "The abbot Feodor with the clergy and the people of Vladimir went to Bogobovovo to pick up the body of Prince Andrew. And taking his body they brought it to Vladimir with honor and with great lamentation. When the people at the Silver Gate saw the banner moving from Bogolyubov, they could not restrain themselves and began to weep, they could not look for tears. Their cries were heard from far away. And so, the entire city wept for him, and they buried his body with honour and singing in the wonderful Church of the Golden-Domed Virgin which he himself created" (the Suzdal Chronicle).
The years 1176-1212. - The Great Vladimir reign of Vsevolod Yuryevich the Big Nest.
1185 - A fire in Vladimir. "There was a great fire in Vladimir on April 18, on the memory of St. Simeon, Wednesday. Almost all the city was burned, and the 32 churches, and the cathedral church of St. Simeon. The Church of the Holy Mother of God Zlatoverkhaya, which was decorated by Prince Andrew" (Laurentian Chronicle).
1185 - a solar eclipse, perceived as a harbinger of great troubles in Russia. "On May 1, on the commemoration of the holy prophet Jeremiah, on Wednesday, towards evening, there was a sign in the sun, and it became so dark that the stars were seen, and in the eyes of the people everything was seen green. And the sun became like a month, from its horns as burning coal was radiating. People were frightened to see the sign of God" (Laurentian Codex).
1185 - a campaign of Novgorod-Severskiy prince Igor against the Polovtsians, which ended in defeat of the Russian troops. "The princes were all captured, while the boyars and the nobles and all the troops were beaten or taken prisoner. And Cumans came back with a great victory, but about ours there was no one to bring the news. There, where we had joy now sighs and weeping have spread out" (The Suzdal Chronicle).
1185 - A campaign of the Polovtsian Khan Konchak to Rus. "Kipchaks suddenly attacked the Pereyaslavl land, captured all the cities along the Sula and all the day were fighting at Pereyaslavl'" (the Suzdal annals).
1186-1187. - Inter-division of the Ryazan Princes.
1194-1197. - Construction of the Dmitrov Cathedral in Vladimir. "Many churches Vsevolod created during his power. He created a beautiful church of the martyr Demetrius in his courtyard and decorated it wonderfully with icons and writing. And that is like a miracle" (Laurentian Codex).
1196 - An earthquake in Kiev. "Houses and churches were shaking and residents, not accustomed to this phenomenon, trembled and fell down in fear" (N.M. Karamzin).
1202 - The foundation of the Order of the Sword. "The pope of Rome ordered to preach a crusade against the Livonians. Bishop Albert Buxhoeveden, with the permission of the pope, founded a spiritual order of chivalry under the name of the 'Brotherhood of the Lord's Cross', or the 'Order of the Swordsmen'. Since then, the natives, in spite of stubborn struggles, submitted to the Germans and were converted by force of arms to the Christian faith" (D. I. Ilovaysky).
1205 - The death of Prince Roman of Galicia.
1206-1227. - Reign of Tamujin, proclaimed "Great Khan of the Mongols" and taking the name of Genghis Khan.
1207 - Rebellion of "black people" and peasants in Novgorod.
1209 г. - First annalistic mention of Tver.
1212 г. - Death of the great Vladimir prince Vsevolod the Big Nest. "And when the end of his life came, he passed away quietly and silently. And wept for him his sons with great lament, and all the boyars and husbands, and all the land of his power. And they laid him in the Church of the Holy Virgin Zlatoverkhi" (Suzdal annals).
1214 г. - A campaign against the Order of the Sword Brethren of Novgorod prince Mstislav.
1216 г. - Battle on the river Lipitsa of princes Yuri, Yaroslav and Konstantin Vsevolodich. "An evil strife arose between the sons of Vsevolod: princes Konstantin, and Yuri, and Yaroslav. And they fought at Yuriev, and Konstantin was defeated" (Suzdal Chronicle). "All were beaten 9,233 men. The shouting and howling of the wounded was heard in Yuriev and near Yuriev. There was no one to bury them. Many were drowned while running in the river. Other wounded came into the empty place and died without any help. The alive ran away" (S.M. Solov'ev).
1216-1218. - The reign of Constantine Vsevolodich at Vladimir.
1217 г. - The campaign of the Pskov and Novgorodians against the Order of the Swordsmen.
1221-1264. - The Reign of Prince Daniil Romanovich in the Grand Duchy of Volodymyr-Volhynia, and from 1238 in Galicia. "Daniil Romanovich is a clever, brave, noble prince. He managed to attract everyone to him and even, if possible, to protect his land from the horrors of the Tatar invasion" (P.N. Polevoj).
1221 - Founding of Nizhny Novgorod by Grand Prince Yuri (Georgy) Vsevolodich. "Grand Prince Yuri, son of Vsevolod, founded a city at the mouth of the Oka and called it Nov-town" (The Suzdal Chronicle).
1223, May 31 - the battle on the river Kalka. "Came an unheard-of army, godless idolaters called Tatars, no one clearly knows who they are and where they came from, and what their language is, and what tribe they belong to, and what their faith is. Many countries were plundered by the Tatars: Yasses, Kasoths and the ungodly Polovtsians were beaten many" (Laurentian Codex Annals).
1227-1255. - The reign of Khan Batyi.
1237 - Unification of the Brotherhood of the Sword and the Teutonic Order.
1237-1238 - Invasion of Batyi Khan on the Northeastern Russia.
1237 - The siege and capture of Ryazan by the Mongol-Tatars. "On the sixth day, December 21, in the morning, Having made ladders, the Tatars began to act with masonry weapons and set fire to the fortress, and through the smoke and flames they broke into the streets, destroying everything with fire and sword. The prince, his wife, his mother, the boyars and the people were victims of their ferocity. The Batye barbarians crucified prisoners or shot at them as a target for fun, they burned the priests or spilled blood on the altars. The whole city and the surrounding monasteries were reduced to ashes. For days the murders continued. At last, the cry of despair disappeared: for there was no one to moan and to weep" (N.M.Karamzin).
1238, January-February - Capture of Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir, Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Uglich, Galich, Dmitrov, Tver, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Yuryev and other cities.
1238 - capture of Vladimir by Mongols. "The news came to Grand Duke Yurii: 'Vladimir is taken, the cathedral church together with the bishop, the princess with her children and grandchildren perished in the fire, the eldest sons were killed outside the city, the people were killed, and the pagans are coming upon you'. And when he heard about it, he shouted loudly with tears" (Suzdal annals).
1238, March 4 - the battle on the river Siti. "And the godless Tatars came to the river Sit against the great prince Yuri. When Prince Yurii with his brother Svjatoslav and his nephews Vasil'ko, Vsevolod, Vladimir and his men went out against the pagans. And both sides came together, and there was a fierce fight, and ours fled before the foreign tribesmen. And here Grand Prince Yuri was killed" (Laurentian Chronicle).
1238, March 25 - The beginning of a 50-day siege of Kozelsk. "For seven weeks the inhabitants of Kozelsk fought off the Tatar hordes". "Although our prince is young - the inhabitants of Kozelsk responded to the Tartars' offer to surrender - but we shall lay down our lives for him. Here on earth we shall receive glory, but in the next world the crowns of heaven from Christ the Lord." The Tartars broke down the walls and broke into the town rampart. The people of Kozel fought the Tatars with knives on the rampart and in the streets of the town, while others went out into the fields, attacked the Tatar regiments and fell all, annihilated by the Tatars. The young Prince Vasily of Kozel drowned in blood: such a fierce and bloody battle it was. Since that time the Tatars always called Kozelsk an evil city" (S. Knyazkov).
The years 1238-1239. - The reign of Mikhail of Chernigov in Kiev.
1239, spring - invasion of Batyj to the South Russian lands.
1240, July 15 - The victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish knights on the river Neva. "The victory was quick and glorious. Novgorodians and Ladoga inhabitants fell in the battle only 20 people. For courage and valour people nicknamed Alexander "Nevskiy" (S.M. Soloev).
(S.M.Solov'ev). 1240, December, 6th - the capture of Kievan by Mongolo-Tatars after the three-months siege. In his "History" N.M.Karamzin wrote on that occasion: "Ancient Kiev is gone - and for ever: as this once-known capital in the XIV and XV centuries was still a ruin".
1242 on the 5th of April - "The Ice Battle" on the Chudskoe lake.
1243 - Formation of the Golden Horde.
1246 - Assassination of prince Mikhail of Chernigov and his boyar Fyodor in the Golden Horde.
1252-1263. - Great Vladimir's reign of Alexander Nevsky. "This prince Alexander was born of the great prince Yaroslav and of his mother Theodosia. His height was more than other people, and his voice was like a trumpet in the people, but his face was like the face of Joseph, whom the Egyptian tsar put as the second tsar in Egypt. And his strength was part of the strength of Samson. And God gave him the wisdom of Solomon, and the courage of Vespasian king of Rome. Prince Alexander was victorious and invincible" (Suzdal annals).
1253 - Defence of Pskov from Livonian knights.
1255-1256, 1257-1258. - Census of the population in the Vladimir-Suzdal and Novgorod lands. "The Tartars started to enumerate and rewrite the entire Russian land for a more accurate taxation of it. Fearing new burdens from the Tatars, many cities decided not to let the Tatar enumerators in. Alexander - a wise ruler and a subtle politician - convinced everybody of the necessity to submit to the force and for four years in a row took care of the organization of the census and tried to facilitate as much as possible the tribute" (P.N. Polevoj).
1262 - Uprisings against the Mongol-Tatars in Rostov, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yaroslavl.
1276-1294. - The internecine war of Alexander Nevskiy's sons for the great reigning.
1276 - Formation of the independent Moscow princedom.
1276-1303. - Reigning of Daniil Alexandrovich, the son of Alexander Nevskiy in Moscow. Foundation of the dynasty of Moscow princes. "Alexander Nevskiy gave Moscow to his younger son Daniel. As the younger brother he had no hope of ever taking the great reign by right. He was too weak to attempt to seize the great reign by force. Daniel's task in life then was to extend his appanage and so strengthen his position among the other princes. He began to strenuously "collect" the lands around Moscow" (S. Knyazkov).
1299 - Moving of the metropolitan of all Russia from Kiev to Vladimir.
1303-1325. - Reigning in Moscow of Yuri Danilovich.
1303 - Joining of Mozhaisk to the Moscow princedom.
1304 - Entry of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky principality into the Moscow principality.
1305-1318. - Reigning in Vladimir of Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tver.
1313-1342. - The rule of Khan Uzbek in the Golden Horde.
1318, November 22 - the murder of Mikhail Yaroslavich Tversky in the Horde.
1325-1340. - Reign of Ivan Kalita. Nikon's Chronicle in praise of the policy of Ivan Kalita notes: "And then there was great quietness throughout the Russian land for 40 years, and the Tatars ceased to fight against the Russian land".
1326 - Transfer of the Metropolitan See to Moscow from Vladimir. Laying of the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow.
1327 - Revolt against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver and suppression of this revolt by Prince Ivan Kalita.
1328 - Acquisition of the reign of Vladimir by Ivan Kalita. Formation of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. "Not neglecting the means, Ivan Kalita increased his possessions, where by force, where by cunning and obsequiousness, and most importantly - the treasury. Not without reason he was "Kalita", a bag of money" (A.M. Vasnetsov).
1328 - Proclamation of Ivan Kalita as the Grand Prince of Moscow.
1338 - The foundation of the Trinity Monastery by Sergius of Radonezh.
1339-1340. - Construction of the wooden Moscow Kremlin.
1340-1353. - The reign of Simeon the Proud. "Prince Simeon was noted for his strong character and proudly communicated with appanage princes, for which he received his nickname" (D. I. Ilovaysky).
1352-1353 years. - Epidemic of plague in Russia. "The chroniclers say that it is impossible to imagine such a terrible sight: young men and elders, spouses and children were lying in coffins next to each other. Numerous families disappeared on the same day" (N.M. Karamzin).
1353-1359. - The reign of Ivan the Red.
1354 - Assignment of St. Alexis to the Russian Metropolis.
1359-1389. - Reigning of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy in Moscow.
1362 - Proclamation of Dmitry Ivanovich as Grand Prince of Vladimir and Moscow.
1367 - Construction of the stone Kremlin in Moscow.
1378 - Victory of the Russian army over Tatars at the river Vozhe. "The Horde prince Mamay sent Begicha to march on Dmitry, the Prince of Moscow. The prince Dmitry with his soldiers went against them. And he met the Tatars at the river Vozha. And they stood with the river Vozha between them. After a few days the Tatars moved to this side and struck their horses and galloped quickly, driving them by their shouts. And the great prince struck them in the face. Tartars immediately turned their spears and ran behind the river Vozha, and ours went after them, stabbing and stabbing them. And they killed their multitude, and drowned some of them in the river" (The Moscow chronicle).
1380, September 8 - the Battle of Kulikovo. "Such a battle had never happened in Russia before: in the space of ten versts blood was pouring down like a river, piles of corpses hindered the movements of the cavalry, the soldiers were suffocating from cramped conditions. The defeated Tatar hordes turned to flight. The Russians pursued them and seized their rich camp" (D.I. Ilovaysky).
1382 - a campaign of Khan Tokhtamysh to Moscow. The capture and defeat of Moscow. "Tokhtamysh intended to make such a quick raid to take Moscow by surprise. He took into account the blunder of the Russians, too proud of their victories. The suddenness of the invasion made such an impression that the princes, voevodes and boyars completely lost their heads. The discord and mutual distrust began between them" (N.I. Kostomarov).
1389-1425. - The reign of Vasily I Dmitrievich.
1392 - joining of Nizhny Novgorod to the Moscow princedom.
1395 - Defeat of the Golden Horde by Tamerlane. "This Temir-Aksak (Tamerlane) began to create many armies, caused many troubles, dug out many cities, ruined many people, conquered many kingdoms. And he wanted to go to the land of Russia, to Moscow, to conquer the Christians. And he went through all the land of the Tatars and the whole Horde, and came to the limit of the Ryazan land and took the town of Yelets" ("The Tale of Temir-Aksak").
1407-1408. - Yedigei's campaign to Russia.
1410, July 15 - The Battle of Grunwald. Defeat of the German knights by Polish-Lithuanian-Russian troops.
1425-1462. - Reign of Vasily II Vasilievich the Dark.
1429 - The foundation of the Solovetsky monastery.
1433-1453. - Intestine war between Prince Vasili II and the Galician Prince Yuri Dmitrievich of Khabarovsk. Yuri Dmitrievich with his sons Basil Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka.
1453 - Capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks. The fall of the Byzantine Empire. Moscow became the spiritual successor to Constantinople.
1456 - A campaign to Novgorod by Prince Basil II.
1462-1505. - Reign of Ivan III Vasilievich.
1465-1469. - Ivan III's war with the Kazan Khanate.
1469-1472. - Athanasius Nikitin's journey to India. "While Vasco da Gama was only thinking about finding a way from Africa to Hindustan, our Tverian had already merchandised on the shores of Malabar and talked with the inhabitants about the tenets of their faith" (N. M. Karamzin).
1471 - March of Ivan III to Novgorod. Battle of Novgorod and Moscow troops on the Shelon River. "In this war circumstances patronized the Moscow prince. Usually, campaigns against Novgorod were made in winter, because in summer the numerous swamps, rivers and forests were the most reliable protection for Novgorod. In the summer of 1471, there was a severe drought, and the Moscow army had no trouble getting to the Ilmen. But Novgorodians were unsuccessful in everything: the army was defeated, the inhabitants of Rusa were caught by the storm and drowned, and severe fires broke out in Novgorod" (D. I. Ilovaysky).
1472 - joining of the Perm land to Moscow.
1472 - Conclusion of Ivan III with the niece of the Byzantine emperor Sophia Palaiologus.
1474 - Joining of the Rostov principality to Moscow.
1478 - Downfall of the Novgorod Republic. Joining of Novgorod to Moscow. "In the fifth month of March the great prince came to Moscow and ordered their veche bell to be brought to Moscow from Novgorod. It was brought and was hoisted up on the bell-tower in the square with other bells to ring" (The Novgorod chronicle).
1475-1479. - Construction of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. "In the summer of 1479 was made Cathedral and the great Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God in Moscow under the faithful and Christ-loving Prince John Vasilievich, of Vladimir and Novgorod and all Russia's Autocrat. And that church was wondrous by its great majesty and height, by its lightness and ringing and by its spaciousness - there never was such a church in Russia then as the Church of Vladimir" (The Moscow Chronicle).
1480 г. - "Standing" on the river Ugra. Overthrow of the Mongolo-Tatar yoke. "The godless tsar Akhmat went to Russia, to the holy churches and to the Grand Duke, boasting to capture all Orthodoxy and to take the Grand Duke himself as it was under Batye. When prince Ioann Vasilievich heard this, he began to send his soldiers to the banks of the Oka, and he sent his son, John, also the great prince, to Serpukhov, and with him many soldiers and innumerable troops. Then Tsar Akhmat went to the Ugra, (Oka) where the great prince Ioann stood, and all the princes and voevods, and a great multitude of the army. And the tsar stood on the bank on the Ugra with many forces on the other side against the great prince and wanted to cross the river. And the Tatars began to shoot, and the Muscovites began to shoot at them and from the firing squirrels. And many Tatars were beaten with arrows and muskets and repulsed them from the bank" (The Moscow Chronicle).
1484-1508. - Stone construction in the Moscow Kremlin. Construction of cathedrals and Faceted Chamber. "In the summer of 1484 Grand Prince John Vasilyevich of All Rus' laid the stone Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in his court yard, destroying the first building, which his grandfather, Prince Vasily Dmitrievich had erected, and laid the Chamber behind the Church. In the summer of 1485, they laid an arrow on the river Strelnitsa in Moscow, and built a cache under it. And Anton Friazin built it. In the summer of 1487 by order of Grand Prince John Vasilievich of All Russia Mark Friazin built the Great Chamber in the Grand Duke's court where there stood the tower. In the summer of 1491 Antonin Friazin founded two archers. One near the Frolovsky Gate, the other near St. Nicholas. He did not build the Nikolskaya arrow house and the wall to the Neglinnaya River in the old way, but added towns and cities. In the summer of 1508 Grand Prince Vasily Ioannovich of all Russia ordered the master Aleviz Fryazin to dig a stone ditch and ponds around the city of Moscow" (The Moscow Chronicle).
1485 - Joining of Tver to Moscow.
1489 - Procession of Vyatka and Arsk lands to Moscow.
1492 - Construction of the fortress of Ivangorod.
1497 - Adoption of the Code of Laws by Ivan III.
1500-1503. - War between Moscow Russia and Lithuania. Connection to Moscow of Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands to Moscow.
1505 - The death of the first Russian sovereign and Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich. "On 27 October the Great Prince of Russia Ivan III Vasilyevich, the King of All Rus' passed away. And they laid his body in the Church of the Archangel Michael in the hailstones of Moscow" (The Moscow Chronicle, Chronicle of the Romanovs).
1505-1533. - The reign of Vasily III. "The reign of Vassily is commonly called a continuation of the reign of John" (N.M. Karamzin).
1507-1508, 1512-1522. - Wars of the Moscow State with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Return of Smolensk and the land of Smolensk.
1510 г. - Annexation of Pskov to the Moscow state. "And Pskov was not taken prisoner by those of other faiths, but by its own people. And who would not weep and wail over it? Oh, most glorious city of Pskov, why do you lament and weep? And the beautiful city of Pskov answered: how can I not lament and how can I not weep and grieve for my desolation. A many-winged eagle flew towards me and ravaged the land, and devastated our city, and captured my people, and dug up my market places, and torn apart our fathers and brothers" - so the story of the fall and devastation of Pskov poetically portrays the sorrow of the townspeople.
1521 - Ryazan annexation to Moscow.
1530 г. - Birth of a son, Ivan, to Grand Duke Vasily from his marriage to Elena Glinskaya. "From nature Tsar Ivan received a perky and flexible mind, thoughtful and a little mocking, a real Great Russian, Moscow mind. But the circumstances in the midst of John's childhood spoiled this mind early on, gave him an unnatural, painful development" (V. O. Klyuchevsky).
1533-1584. - The reign of Ivan IV the Terrible. "The positive significance of Tsar Ivan in the history of our state is far from being as great as one might think, judging by his designs and undertakings, by the noise which his activities produced. The Terrible one conceived more than he did, and influenced the imagination and nerves of his contemporaries more than he influenced the state order of his day. The tsar sacrificed himself, his dynasty, and the good of the state to hostility and arbitrariness. He can be compared to that bogatyr who, in order to destroy his enemies, on himself fell the building, on the roof of which these enemies were sitting" (V. O. Klyuchevsky). son.
1533-1538. - The Regency of Elena Glinskaya, the mother of Ivan IV, under her minor
1535-1538. - Construction of the brick wall of Kitay-gorod in Moscow.
1535 - The currency reform.
1547, January 16 - Crowning of Ivan IV for the throne.
1547-1560. - Activity of the "Chosen Rada". "It was neither a Near Duma in general, but a special company of boyars united in one goal - to master Moscow politics and direct it in their own way. Remembering this company, the Terrible used to say irritably that these boyars "have left not a single power which they had not put their supporters in" (Platonov).
1549 - Convocation of zemsky sobor. "Zemsky Sobors were the councils of "all the land" under the government, which they comprised, but they acted upon the government's initiative in difficult and difficult cases of public life, when the supreme authority did not want to or could not take the lead in solving this or that problem" (S. F. Platonov. (S. Knyazkov).
1550 г. - The adoption of the Code of Law by Ivan the Terrible.
1550 г. - Creation of Streltsy troops.
1551 - One hundred heads council of the Russian Orthodox Church. "The tsar proposed an extensive project of church reforms, which was intended to put in order the religious and moral life of the people" (V. O. Klyuchevsky). "The tsar gathered the ecclesiastical authorities to the sobor, and for their permission proposed a number of questions, which concerned the eradication of various abuses, in the Church administration and the morals of the clergy. An answer to these questions proposed by the tsar was a sobornoye positing of Articles which was called Stoglav' (P.N. Polevoj).
1552 - The capture of Kazan by Russian troops. Conquest of Kazan kingdom. "And by God. Our crowned Orthodox Tsar and Grand Duke Ioann Vasilyevich, Autocrat of All Russia, defeated to the end the wicked, and seized the king of Kazan Ediger-Mahmet, and their banners, and the kingdom, and the city of many people of Kazan took. The tsar commanded to take to captivity wives and small children. And so many were taken as captives, that every man of Russia had a captivity. And many thousands of captive Christians were freed" ("The Tale of the Recapture of Kazan").
1555-1561. - Construction of the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow on Red Square.
1555 - Formation of the Russian trading company in England.
1556 - Accession of Astrakhan to Russia.
1557 - Procession of Bashkiria to Russia.
1557 - Recognition of the Nogay Horde as vassal dependence on Russia.
1558-1583. - The Livonian War for Russia's access to the Baltic Sea.
1564 - The beginning of book printing in Moscow by Ivan Fyodorov. Publication of the Apostle.
1565-1572. - Oprichnina. "To deal with the traitors and the disobedient, the tsar proposed...the establishment of an oprichnina. It was a special court, which the tsar had formed for himself, with special boyars, with special butlers, treasurers and other administrators, all kinds of clerks and courtiers, with a whole staff of courtiers... The oprichnina, by bringing out the treason, introduced anarchy, protected the tsar and shook the very foundations of the state. It was directed against imaginary outrage and prepared the real one" (V.O.Klyuchevsky).
1569 - Signing of the Union of Lublin and foundation of the state Rzeczpospolita. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, having signed the Union with Poland, was finally included into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The new Polish-Lithuanian state got the official name "Rzeczpospolita" ("Republic"), under which it existed until 1795.
1569-1570. - Punitive campaign of oprichniks to Novgorod. "Upon reaching Novgorod, the tsar's advanced detachment set up strong barriers around the city and locked up the surrounding monasteries. The executions of Novgorod's detainees began. They were tortured by fire and then thrown into the Volga together with their wives and children. So that no one could escape, men of war rode in boats and stabbed those who floated up. So lasted five weeks" (D.I. Ilovaysky).
1571 - devastating raid of the Crimean Tatars led by Devlet Giray Khan on Moscow.
1579, July - invasion of Swedish troops to Novgorod.
1579, August 30 - Capture of Polotsk by the Polish king Stefan Bathory.
1581 - Opening in Moscow of the first pharmacy.
1581 - Death of Ivan the Terrible's son, Tsarevich Ivan. "In his eldest, favorite son. He tended to administer important affairs, sat in the Duma together with Ivan and traveled around the country. Along with him he voluptuary and ruined people, so that his son could not shame his father and Russia could expect nothing better from his heir" (N.M. Karamzin).
1581 - Beginning of the conquest of Siberia, Yermak's campaign. "In the summer of 1581, on the ninth day of September, warriors came to Siberia, and sailed down the Tavda River, fighting many Tatar ulus and towns" ("Conquest of Siberia by Yermak Timofeyevich and his comrades").
1581, in summer - the siege of Pskov by the troops of the Polish king Stefan Bathory. "In the God-saved city of Pskov the siege began in the summer of 1581, on the 18th of August. Like a wild boar from the wilderness, the Lithuanian king Stephen himself came with all his many forces. This tireless fierce beast came and saw the city of Pskov as a great mountain, difficult to ascend and not soon to be bypassed because of its size. Enraged with intelligence, he ordered his army to surround and besiege Pskov" ("The Tale of the Coming of Stefan the Lithuanian King to the Great and Glorious City of Pskov").
1582 - Signing of an armistice between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Zapolye Pit. Under this treaty Russia lost a part of Livonia, the cities of Velikie Luki, Zavolochye, Nevel and Kholm.
1583 Signing of the Peace of Pluss with Sweden under which Russia ceded the border towns of Yam, Ivangorod and Koporje.
1584 - Death of tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. "The tsar Ivan Vassilyevich fell ill and when he learned that he had been taken to God, he ordered himself to be tonsured. He blessed his son - Tsarevich Feodor Ioannovich to reign on the throne of Moscow and ordered his minor son - Tsarevich Dmitry Ioannovich - to give the town of Uglich with all its estates and profits" ("The Tale of the Murder of Tsarevich Dmitry Ioannovich and the Wastening of the Town of Uglich").
1584-1598. - The reign of Tsar Feodor Ivanovich. "The Tsar Feodor was meek, timid, weak-minded, pious without limits, and indifferent to worldly greatness. On the throne Russians saw a fast and silent man, born more for a cell and a cave, rather than for power" (V.O. Klyuchevsky).
1585-1593. - Construction of the walls of the White City in Moscow.
1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate in Moscow. This promotes the growth of the international authority of the Russian Orthodox Church. Job became the first patriarch.
1589 - The adoption of the Code of Laws by Tsar Fedor Ivanovich.
1590-1593. - Russian-Swedish war, which resulted in the recapture of the Russian lands on the Baltic coast, captured by the Swedes during the Livonian War.
1591 - The death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich. "There was no one at the sovereign's court at that time, the uncles and people went home, for it was noon. A cathedral sexton saw such a disaster and began to ring the bell. And the people of the prince and all the people of the city of Uglich fled to the sovereign's court and saw their sovereign lying dead, and his mother and the nurses by his body, lying there without memory. And they wailed over his body, and they stoned the murderers and their advisers themselves. The body of the righteous Tsarevich Dimitri was placed in a coffin and carried into the cathedral church of the Transfiguration of the Savior. They sent a messenger to Tsar Fyodor to inform him that his brother had been killed" ("The Tale of the Murder of Tsarevich Dmitry Ioannovich and of the Desolation of the City of Uglich").
1591 - a raid of the Crimean Tatars on Moscow. Troops of Khan Kazy-Girey approached Kolomensky.
1591 - Beginning of the construction of the Zemlyanoy Gorod in Moscow.
1595 - Conclusion of the Tyavza eternal peace with Sweden under which the cities of Yam, Ivangorod and Koporie returned to Russia.
1598, January 7 - Death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich.
1598 - Convocation of the Assembly of the Land on the issue of succession to the throne.
1598 - Defeat of the Siberian Khanate. "In August 1598 Voevoda Voyeikov chased Kuchum. Having abandoned his transport, Voyeikov marched day and night, found Kuchum on the meadow on the Ob, fought with him from the sunrise until noon, and, finally, defeated him" (S.M.Solovyev).
1598-1605. - The reign of Tsar Boris Godunov. "About this great boyar contemporary say that he blossomed with splendor, appearance and intelligence surpassed all people. A man of wondrous and sweet-tongued character, he arranged many dignified things in the Russian state, he hated bribery, he tried to root out robbery, theft, and kormanry, but could not root them out. He was merciful and a pauper. But he was unsophisticated in military affairs" (S.M. Solovyov).
1598 - Conclusion of the peace treaty with the Crimean Khanate.
1600 г. - Conclusion of the truce between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for 20 years.
1600 г. - The exile of the Romanov boyars. "The Romanovs were accused of malice against the tsar. Feodor Nikitich, intelligent, well-read, handsome in the prime of life, was tonsured as the monk Philaret against his will and exiled to the Antony Monastery in the far north. The young Mikhail Feodorovich, his sister, aunts and other relatives were exiled to Beloozero. The rest of the Romanov brothers were sent to distant cities to such severe imprisonment that only Ivan Nikitich survived a year later" (P.N. Polevoj).
1601-1603. - Hungry years in Russia. Three consecutive years of crop failures continued in the Russian land, which led to an unheard-of famine. "Terrible pestilence - the inevitable consequence of famine - broke out over the weary Moscow population of the Moscow state. Hungry, homeless people, not knowing where to find shelter, took to the roads and joined gangs of robbers, who obtained their daily bread by robbery and violence. There was no passage along the roads and no peace in the villages and towns" (P.N. Polevoy). "God brought a great famine on us: it rained all summer. The bread was already full, but it was still unripe, green like grass. And on the feast of the Dormition of the Mother of God there was a great frost, and all the bread, rye and oats were beaten" (The Moscow Chronicle).
1604, October 16 - Entry of False Dmitry I into the Russian state.
1605, April 13 - The death of Boris Godunov and the accession of his son Feodor. "According to contemporaries he was younger, but in his intellect and sense of mind he surpassed many grey-haired old men, because he was taught wisdom and philosophical natural science" (S. M. Solovyev).
1605, June - the murder of Tsar Fedor and his mother Mary. The deposition of the patriarch Job.
1605, June - The accession of False Dmitry I. "And Rastriga came to Serpukhov and from Serpukhov to the river Moscow. Immediately on the river in Moscow he was met by people of all ranks with crosses, with all the honors of royalty. And he, Rastriga, got down from his horse, and laid his hands on the crosses, and began to sing a molieben. And the Latins - Lithuanians - sat on horses and trumpeted and beat tambourines. From the place of the Front, Rastriga went into the castle, into the king's mansion, and feasted with all the Lithuanians and all the advisors for many days" ("The Tale of the real trouble to the Moscow state, about Grishka Otrepiev").
1605-1606. - The reign of False Dmitry I.
1606, May 17 - a rebellion in Moscow against the Poles and the assassination of False Dmitry I.
1606-1610. - The reign of Tsar Vasily Shuisky. "The new tsar was a little old man. He was about fifty years old, very ugly, with blind eyes, well-read, very clever and very stingy, loved only those who whispered denunciations in his ears, and strongly believed in witchcraft" (S. M. Solovyov).
1606-1607. - Peasant revolt led by Ivan Bolotnikov. "It was in the summer of 1606, the boyar people and peasants gathered together, and the Ukrainian posadsky people and Streltsy and Cossacks joined them, and began to seize voivodes in the cities and put them in dungeons. And they ravaged the houses of their boyars and plundered their property. They had an elder, Ivashka Bolotnikov" (The Moscow Chronicle).
1607, June - Appearance of a new impostor - False Dmitry II, nicknamed "Tushinsky thief" or "Tushinsky king".
1608-1609. - March of False Dimitry II to Moscow, organization of a military camp in Tushino.
1608, September 23 - 1610, January 12 - Siege of the Trinity-St. Sergius Monastery by Polish armies. "Came to Tushino Lithuanian colonel Sapiega and other colonels and captains with him, and they went under the Trinity Sergius Monastery and besieged the monastery. The archimandrite and his brothers and the commander, Prince Grigory Borisovich Dolgoruky, began to prepare for a siege and to fortify the monastery. Sapiega made many tricks over the monastery: undermining Many led, and fiery cores lit, and attacked with many, but could not create anything" (Trinity Chronicle).
1609-1618. - Polish-Swedish intervention against Russia.
1609-1611. - Defense of Smolensk led by voivode M. B. Shein. "Shein, his warriors and citizens showed more than courage: true heroism, fearlessness, cold-bloodedness, insensitivity to terror and suffering, the determination to endure to the end, to die rather than surrender" (N.M. Karamzin).
1610-1612. - The reign of "semiboyarshchina" - seven noble boyars, among whom Prince Mstislavsky played the leading role.
1610 г. - The call to the Russian throne of the Polish prince Vladislav. "The boyars who made up the Duma wished to enthrone the son of the Polish king Sigismund, Wladyslaw. When Hetman Zholkiewski approached Moscow, the party of the Polish prince gained the upper hand. The Boyars entered into negotiations with the hetman and agreed to swear allegiance to Vladislav, on the condition, however, that he adopted Orthodoxy, and the tsar's power would be limited to the Boyar Duma and the influence of the higher clergy" (D.I. Ilovaysky).
1610, September 21 - Entry of the Polish troops in Moscow.
1611, March and April - Establishment of the first Zemsky militia headed by Prokopiy Lyapunov.
1611, September - October - Establishment of the second Zemsky militia led by K. Minin and D. Pozharsky in Nizhniy Novgorod.
1612, October, 26 - seizure of the Moscow Kremlin by detachments of the second militia. Capitulation of the Polish garrison.
1613, February 7-21 - Election of Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov by the Assembly of the Land. "After much discussion and speculation, it was resolved at the Council that no foreign or non-Orthodox prince or queen should be elected to the throne of Moscow, and that a natural Russian and Orthodox sovereign should certainly be chosen from such a boyar family, which would not have been involved in any recent troubles. Only the boyar family of the Romanovs, who had suffered grievously during the Time of Troubles, was such a family. Everyone agreed that only the young Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov, son of Feodor Nikitich, who had languished in captivity among the Poles, could be elected to the throne" (P.N. Polevoj).
1613 г. - The coronation of Mikhail Romanov. "In June 1613 took place in Moscow the royal wedding of Mikhail Fedorovich. At the time of this celebration, according to custom, various graces were pronounced. Prince Pozharsky, formerly a stolnik, was dignified as a boyar, and Kozma Minin was granted the title of dumnye noblemen and awarded an estate" (D.I. Ilovaysky).
1613-1645. - The reign of Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov, the founder of the Romanov dynasty. (The end of the time of troubles).
1613 г. - Flight of Ataman Zarutsky and Marina Mnishek to Yaik. Their extradition to the Moscow government.
1617 г. - Signing of the "eternal" Stolbovsky peace with Sweden. Under the terms of Stolbovsky peace the Swedes returned to Russia Novgorod, Stary Russa, Porkhov, Ladoga and Gdov with districts. But Sweden still had the Izhora land with Ivangorod, Koporie, Yam, Oreshek and Korela town with its districts. Thus, under the terms of the Stolbovsky peace Russia remained cut off from the Baltic.
1618 г. - Signing of the Truce of Deulin with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Under the terms of the truce Poland received Smolensk, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands, and the Polish King Wladyslaw continued to consider himself a claimant to the Russian throne.
1619, June - The return to Moscow from Polish captivity of Metropolitan Filaret (Romanov).
1619 - The proclamation of Metropolitan Filaret as Patriarch.
1619-1633. - The Patriarchate of Filaret. "With the arrival of Filaret the so-called dual power began: Mikhail began to rule the state with the help of his father-patriarch" (S. F. Platonov). The names of father and son were written side by side in the state charters: "The Tsar Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of all Russia and the Great Tsar His Holiness Patriarch Filaret Nikitich of Moscow and all Russia".
1621 - Appearance of the first handwritten newspaper in Russia - The Chimes.
1631-1632. - Formation of the first foreign regiments. "They formed raiders' regiments consisting of tenants, town dwellers, children of less educated nobility, small children of boyars; they gave them 30 rubles a year salary, weapons, powder and lead, but horses and clothing they had to buy themselves. They also took one man from 100 peasant households to be a Reitard. So, the regiments were thus educated in the new military system from foreigners or from the Russians who had already learned a new military system before" (Sol'vyev).
1632 - The Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich grants a charter to Dutch merchant Vinnius for founding ironworks near Tula that allowed him "to build iron ore mills to produce pig-iron and iron for casting cannons, kettles and pots, forging planks and rods, so that the iron work would be strong and profitable for the state treasury".
1632-1634. - Smolensk war (between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth).
1633 - Foundation of the Greek-Latin patriarchal school in the Chudovo monastery.
1634 - Signing of the Peace of Polana. Under the terms of the peace treaty Smolensk remained for Poland, but the Polish king Vladislav renounced his claim to the throne of Moscow.
1637, June 18 - capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov by Don Cossacks. "With the help of Cossacks, the enterprising Don Cossacks undertook a courageous military venture: they besieged the Turkish fortress of Azov, which blocked their successful maritime campaigns. After a stubborn siege Cossacks captured Azov, exterminated its non-Orthodox population and mastered the Russian captives. (P.N. Polevoj).
1639 - Oath of loyalty to the Russian Tsar by the Georgian king Teimuraz I. "Teimuraz kissed the cross to Tsar Mikhail and asked that the tsar order a fortress to be built in the mountains to keep the Kumyks from attacking Georgia" (S. M. Solovyov).
1642-1652. - The patriarchate of Joseph.
1643-1646. - The campaign of the Russian explorer Vasily Poyarkov from Yakutsk to the Amur River to Dauria.
1645-1676. - The reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, dubbed "the Tishishyosh". "Undoubtedly, Alexei Mikhailovich represented the most attractive phenomenon ever seen on the throne of the tsars of Moscow. Foreigners who knew Alexey could not escape the charms of his soft, human, benign nature" (S. M. Solovyov).
1647 - Foundation of the city of Okhotsk. "In the spring of 1647 a detachment of Russian people under the command of Semyon Shelkovnikov came to the river Ulya, which flows into the Okhotsk Sea, and from the mouth of Ulya they sailed to the mouth of the Okhota River. But they had to take Okhota with a great fight to defeat the Tungus, who had gathered over a thousand men. Russians set up an ostrog" (S.M. Soloev).
1648 - Marriage of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich to Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya.
1648 - Semyon Dezhnev's expedition to the Pacific Ocean to Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands, discovery Strait between Asia and America.
1648 - A rebellion in Moscow, the "Salt Revolt", because of the introduction of the exorbitant tax on the salt. "The internal condition of the Moscow state still bore the traces of the Time of Troubles, and the calamities complained of by the elected people of 1642 continued. The people suffered under the weight of taxes and burdens, which grew more and more. Thus, between the new duty on salt, one of the basic necessities, was imposed, among other things. The taxes, together with oppression of clerks, caused a strong popular discontent, which was resolved, at last, by an open revolt of the Moscow mob" (D.I. Ilovajskij).
1648-1654). - The liberation movement in Ukraine led by Bogdan Khmelnitsky. "We wanted an autocrat sovereign in our land like your royal power - an Orthodox Christian tsar, so that the eternal prophecy from Christ God could be fulfilled, that everything is in the hands of His holy mercy. In which we beseech your royal majesty, if it were God's will. Hurry, Your Royal Majesty, to attack the Polish kingdom at once, and we, with our Zaporozhye army, are ready to serve your royal nobility. Your tsarist majesty's humble servants: Bogdan Khmelnitsky, hetman with the army of the Zaporozhye" (from the letter of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, sent to tsar Alexey Mikhailovich, about the desire of Ukrainian people to unite with Russia. 1648, June 8).
1649 - Adoption of the "Sobornoye Ulozheniye" by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. "Organic Code of 1649 had finally completed the process of serfdom in Russia.
1649-1652. - Yerofei Khabarov's campaigns along the Amur River to the Daurian land.
1652-1658. - Nikon's patriarchate.
1652 -Installation in Moscow of a foreign (Nemetskaya) sloboda for foreign masters.
1653, October 1 - Convocation in Moscow of the Assembly of the Land on the issue of reunification of the Ukraine with Russia. "And by this it was decided: to accept Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky and all Zaporizhian army with cities and lands... And the Grand tsar and Grand Duke Alexey Mikhailovich of all Russia on their petition ordered to accept them under his high state hand" (decision of the Assembly of the Land on the reunification of Ukraine and Russia).
1654, January 8-9 - Proclamation by the Pereyaslavl' Rada of the reunification of Ukraine and Russia. "To the merciful God and Your royal majesty, we give great thanks, having now received what we have waited for from all eternity. "That Your Royal Majesty has deigned to accept us, his loyal servants, under his strong and high state hand, we, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, hetman of the Zaporozhian army, and all the army of Zaporozhye, for the inexpressible mercy to Your Majesty the Tsar's Majesty we bow low to the face of the earth" (letter of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, sent from Pereyaslav to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, with gratitude for the reunification of Ukraine with Russia).
1654-1667. - Russia's war with Poland.
1654, September 23 - The capture of Smolensk by Russian troops. "On September 10 at the convention with the Lithuanian people agreed on the surrender of Smolensk. The leaders still wanted to stall, to wait. But the people of Smolensk could not wait: they agreed to surrender, incited the deputy's infantry, tore the banner from the governor's house, opened the gates and went to the tsar" (S.M. Solov'ev).
1654 - The beginning of the church reform of Patriarch Nikon. "The patriarch convened a council in Moscow, at which it was unanimously decided that all liturgical books should be corrected according to ancient Russian and Greek manuscripts. Nikon entrusted this work to reliable and knowledgeable people and first of all he published the corrected "Sluzhebnik" (P. N. Polevoy).
The year of 1656 is the beginning of monetary reform, the issue of copper money equaled to silver. "As early as in 1656 the treasury was already lacking for military men's pay, so the tsar ordered to issue copper money, which had a nominal price of silver. In the years 1657 and 1658 it was in fact treated as silver. But from September 1658 they began to fall in value: it was necessary to give six copper moneys for a silver ruble" (S. M. Solov'ev).
1658 - The establishment of the Privy Council.
1662 - "Copper revolt" in Moscow, caused by the fall in the value of copper money and rising prices.
1666 - March of the Cossack detachment under the command of Vasily Usa to Voronezh and Tula.
1666 - The foundation of the Russian Post.
1666 - Nikon is deprived of his patriarchal dignity. Patriarchs from Alexandria and Antioch arrived in Moscow to examine the case of Nikon. He was tried, found guilty and exiled to the Ferapontov Monastery. Joseph II was chosen as the new patriarch.
1667, January 30 - Conclusion of the Truce of Andrusovo with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. "This armistice at first sight could be called very unreliable: Kiev was ceded to Moscow for only two years. But surprisingly, the war was not resumed until the second half of the eighteenth century, and the Truce of Andrusovo was transformed into perpetual peace with all conditions intact" (S. M. Solo
In 1667-1669 the Kakazakovs' campaigns "by the Zazipuns" under the leadership of Stepan Razin. "Stepan Timofeyevich took a good 'walk' on the sea. He ruined the coast from Derbent to Baku and, reaching Resht, offered his service to the Persian shah, asking for lands for settlement" (S.M.Soloviev).
1668-1676. - "Solovetsky Sitting" of the monks of the Solovetsky Monastery, caused by the reform of Patriarch Nikon. "The government's concerns about the introduction of corrected books everywhere were met in some places with obvious hostility from the clergy and people. In the Solovetsky monastery the monks even openly opposed the introduction of corrected books in the church. They didn't listen to the tsar's decrees so the government had to tame the rebellious monks by force. Troops were sent to Solovetsky monastery to tame the rebels" (P.N. Polevoy).
1670-1671. - Peasant war led by Stepan Razin. "Razin raised the banner of rebellion against the Moscow state and began to enrage the townspeople against the voivods, the peasants against the landlords, the poor against the rich. He promised everyone a free life, freedom from taxes and easy profits. The cities of Astrakhan, Saratov and Samara surrendered to Razin, who beat voivodes and chiefs everywhere and everywhere introduced Cossack social order" (P.N.Polevoj).
1672, May, 30 - Birth of Peter I. "Peter was born in Moscow, in the Kremlin. He was the fourth child of the multifamily Tsar Alexey and the first child of his second marriage to Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina" (V. O. Klyuchevsky).
1674, September, 1 - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich draws up a will on succession to the throne. "On September 1, 1674 the tsar declared his eldest son, the three-three-year-old Tsarevich Feodor, heir. On the Red Square the Tsar-Tsarevich was shown to the whole Moscow State and to foreigners" (S. M. Solov'ev).
1675-1677. - Russian embassy to China headed by Nikolay Spafary.
1676-1682. - The reign of Feodor Alexeyevich. "From the weak, sickly Feodor could not be expected a strong personal involvement in the transformations Russia needed. Feodor could be a reformer only within the four walls of his room and bedroom. His upbringing was also appropriate" (V.O. Klyuchevsky).
1676-1681. - Russia's war with Turkey and the Crimea for the Right-Bank Ukraine.
1678 - Signing of the treaty between Russia and the Commonwealth of Poland on ceding of Kiev to the Russian crown. Russia has paid to Poland for Kiev 200,000 Moscow rubles.
1679-1681. - A new system of taxation: instead of "millet" tax was imposed.
1681, January 3 - Conclusion of the Bakhchisaray Armistice. Under this truce Kiev was recognized as a Russian city, the lands between the Dnieper and the Bug rivers were declared neutral.
1682 - Abolition of mestnichestvo by Tsar Fyodor Alexeevich. "The tsar convened the Zemsky Sobor, to the decision of which was referred the question of mestnichestvo. Patriarch Joakim and many of the participants of the council spoke in favor of the final abolition of mestnichestvo. The tsar agreed with this opinion and ordered to immediately bring mestnichestvo books to the palace and burn them in the furnace. And then the sobor ordered to be in all cases "without seats, under penalty of death and oath" (P. N. Polevoj).
1682, April 12 - Death of the Tsar Feodor Alexeevich.
1682, May - Streltsy uprising in Moscow.
1682 - Proclamation of Peter I as Tsar together with Ivan V. "The Streltsy, at the suggestion of Sophia declared both Tsarevitch joint sovereigns; the Boyar Duma and elected from various estates have agreed to this dual power. After that the streltsys have insisted that the reign, because of the youth of brothers, has been handed over to tsarevna Sofia "(D. I. Ilovajsky).
1682-1689. - Regency of Tsarevna Sophia Alexeevna under the formal reign of Ivan V and Peter I Alexeevich. "The first concern of the tsarevnitsa-ruler was the appointment of new dignitaries loyal to her to replace the nobles killed by Streltsy. Her closest assistants were Prince Vasily Golitsyn, a favourite of the Tsarevna, who was put in charge of the Ambassador's department, and Prince Khovansky, who was put in charge of all the strelets regiments" (P. N. Polevoj).
1682-1696. - Joint reign of Ivan V and Peter I Alexeevich.
1682-1725. - Reign of Peter I.
1683 - Foundation of the first "poteshnye" regiments in the village of Transfiguration. Preobrazhensky. "Peter dragged the things he needed for fun from the Kremlin storehouses and gathered crowds of his comrades-in-arms around him. Peter began to recruit young men from his sleeping-boys and court stable men, and then falconers and grenadiers, forming from them two companies, which by recruiting hunters from the nobility and other ranks, even from the boyar serfs, developed into two battalions, 300 men in each. They were called poteshnye" (V. O. Klyuchevsky). "Regarding this poteshny regiment Peter was not a sovereign, but a comrade-in-arms, learning the military business along with other soldiers" (S. F. Platonov).
1686 - Signing of "Eternal Peace" with Poland, according to which Russia received Kiev, Smolensk and Left-bank Ukraine forever. "The reign of Sophia was marked by signing with Poland the agreement which was quite beneficial to Moscow State" (P.N.Polevoj).
1687-1689. - Crimean campaigns of prince V. V. Golitsyn. "Unsuccessful outcome of the Crimean campaign significantly contributed to the fall of Princess Sophia, who was forced to yield power to her mature brother, Tsar Peter Alexeyevich" (P. Polevoj).
1687 - Foundation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
1689, January - Conclusion of the marriage of Tsar Peter with Evdokia Lopukhina. "Obeying his mother's will, Peter married, but a month after the wedding he left for Pereyaslavl from his mother and wife to the ships" (S. F. Platonov).
1689, August 27th - Signing of the Nerchinsk Treaty with China, establishing the borders between the Russian and Chinese possessions along the Argun and Gorbitza rivers.
1689, September - Overthrow of Tsarevna Sophia, co-ruler of brothers Peter and Ivan.
1695, March-October - The first Azov campaign of Peter I. "The siege of Azov, in which Peter himself took part, was unsuccessful for the first time, partly because of the lack of skilled engineers, partly because the Azov garrison freely received reinforcements from the sea. The tsar had given up" (D.I. Ilovaysky).
1695-1696. - Construction of ships for the Russian war fleet at the shipyard in Voronezh.
1695-1697. - Vladimir Atlasov's expedition to Kamchatka, which resulted in the first ethnographic and geographic description of Kamchatka.
1696, January 29th - The death of Ivan V and the rule of Peter the Great.
1696, May-July - the Second Azov campaign of Peter I, which ended in a victory of the Russian troops. "Azov was taken with the help of artillery, prepared by poteshny exerts, and the fleet, built in one winter on the river Voronezh under the direct supervision of Peter, who had the necessary knowledge in Pereyaslavl dockyard, and with the help of masters, also trained there" (V.O. Kluchevsky). "A triumphal entrance to the capital was arranged for the victors, and the tsar marched ahead of the naval detachment in the uniform of a simple captain" (D.I. Ilovaysky).
1697-1698. - Peter the Great's "Great Embassy" to Western Europe. "Peter went abroad not as an inquisitive and idle traveler to admire the curiosities of a foreign culture, but as a worker who wanted to hastily familiarize himself with the skills he lacked: he sought technology in the West, not civilization. He enlisted himself under the name of Pyotr Mikhailov in the retinue of the solemn embassy, which was sent to the European courts on the occasion of the coalition struggle with Turkey, in order to strengthen the former or to establish new friendly relations with the Western European states" (V. O. Klyuchevsky.)
1698, April-June - Streltsy uprising in Moscow. "During the absence of Peter I, four Streltsy regiments standing on the Lithuanian border, being dissatisfied with separation from their families and heavy service, revolted and went to the capital, expressing their intention to kill the boyars and Germans. They say that tsarevna Sophia from her monastic seclusion called Streltsy men to Moscow, spreading the rumor that Peter had died abroad" (D. I. Ilovaysky).
1699-1700. - Carrying out of the first town reform: creation in Moscow of the Burmister's Office, renamed the Ratusha, and in other cities - zemskie izba.
1699, December 20 - Introduction of the new chronology (from the Nativity of Christ) from January 1, 1700. "As a sign of good beginnings and a new century, after prayers in churches, everyone was to congratulate each other on the New Year. Significant householders were to place decorations of pine, spruce and juniper woods and branches in front of the gates and to keep these decorations until January 7. During the fireworks and cannon fire in the Red Square, in the houses of tent people, soldiers and merchants they were told to shoot three times from their own small cannons or small rifles and to fire rockets, and at night from the 1st to the 7th to light fires and tar barrels" (S. M. Solovyev).
1700 г. - The signing of the Constantinople Peace Treaty with the Ottoman Empire. "Peter I eagerly awaited news of peace in Moscow, which untied his hands for the war with Sweden, which had already been decided" (V. O. Klyuchevsky).
1700-1721. - Northern War between Russia and Sweden. "The shores of the Baltic Sea were now essential for Russia in order to be able to enter into direct communication with Western Europe by sea. The Baltic Sea represented more suitable for that than the Sea of Azov, far away from the educated countries by the possessions of the ignorant Turks" (D.I. Ilovaj
1700, November 19 - Defeat of the Russian troops at Narva. "The beginning of the war, which began in the spring of 1700, was miserable for the allies. The young Swedish king Charles XII, having defeated the Danes and forced the peace, rushed to Livonia and from there marched against the Russians who were besieging Narva. By a swift and unexpected attack, the Swedes defeated the Russians at Narva and seized the artillery" (D. I. Ilovaysky).
1702, October - Capture of the fortress of Oreshek (Noteburg) by Russian troops under Peter I and Apraksin.
1702 - The beginning of the publication of the newspaper Vedomosti, the first issue of which came out in December. Since that time, from one to 56 issues were published annually with circulation ranging from 300 to 4,000 copies and a volume of 4 to 16 pages. From 1703 to 1724, more than 500 numbers of the newspaper were published.
April 1703 - The Conquest of Nyenshants Fortress. "Field Marshal Sheremetev defeated the Swedish general Schlippenbach in two battles and occupied the eastern part of Livonia. In the meantime, the tsar himself conquered Ingria, seized the Swedish fortresses on the Neva - Noteburg (renamed Shlisselburg) and Nienshants, and thus made his way to the long-wished seashore" (D.I. Ilovaysky).
1703, May 16 - The foundation of St. Petersburg.
1703, May - The publication of "Arithmetic" by L. F. Magnitsky, which became the basic textbook in mathematics for many years.
1704, Summer - Conquest of the fortresses of Dorpat and Narva. "Russians took Narva by storm, under which they had suffered a famous defeat before. Enraged by the brave resistance, the soldiers committed themselves to pillage and murder in the conquered city. The king and his generals hardly stopped them. Entering the burgomaster's house afterwards, Peter threw his bloody sword on the table and said: "Do not be afraid - this is not Swedish but Russian blood, shed for your defense" (D.I. Ilovaysky).
1705, September-November - Laying and construction of the Admiralty fortress and galley yard. "Masters (ship, galley, machine, sailing, oar, carpentry, blacksmith, toolmakers and others) 51, apprentices 48, 99 apprentices, privates (carpenters, sawyers, turners, joiners, blacksmiths, bowlers, lantern operators, compassmen, caulkmen, candlestick-makers, fitters and others) 3958" (I. Kirillov. "The Blooming State of the All-Russian State").
1707-1709. - Revolt of Don Cossacks headed by Kondratiy Bulavin. "A gang of Dove Cossacks gathered under one of the foremen, Bulavin, and accidentally attacked and exterminated a Russian detachment. The mutiny quickly spread across the Don, and Bulavin seized the Cossacks' main city of Cherkassk. But the arriving tsarist troops inflicted several defeats on the rebels. Then the homelike Cossacks were put off from Bulavin, and he shot himself in despair" (D.I. Ilovaysky). "From Kondrati Afanasyevich Bulavin and from all the congregation of the Don Army to the Russian towns and villages, as well as to the merchant men of the villages and all black people, a petition. We do know, that we with all our army are unanimous in assent, that we should stand with all our hearts for the house of the Most Holy Mother of God, for the true Christian faith, for the godly Tsar of Russia, and for our souls and our heads, son for father and brother for brother, stand and die for one another. And you should stand together with us in the same way with all good and all black people ...". ("Charming letter" by K. Bulavin to Russian towns and villages).
1708 - Establishment of provinces. "Important changes in the governance of the provinces took place under Peter I. Before Peter the Great, administration was in the hands of governors, who were both rulers and judges. Under Peter the Great the whole state was divided into twelve provinces, and each province was subdivided into provinces. The provinces were governed by governors and vice-governors, while the provinces were governed by voivods. To assist the governors, the nobility elected Landrats (nobility leaders) from their own ranks. The governor was obliged to confer with landrats, solving important issues" (P. N. Polevoy).
1708 - Peter I introduces a new simplified civil type instead of the Church Slavonic and introduces the Arabic numerals.
1708 - The invasion of Russia by the army of Charles XII.
1708, September 28th - The defeat of the Swedish corps of General A. Levengaupt by Russian troops in the battle of Lesnaya. "When the enemy is attacked, it is necessary that in the infantry were sent out some men to destroy the men and horses from the enemy's artillery and look for them to kill. If we suffer great losses from the enemy's guns, we must march straight to them; the same must be done with the cavalry, because the closer to the guns, the less harm and danger from them. If the enemy leaves his guns, he must capture them without losing a single moment of his life..." (Rules of the Battle of 1708. Letters and Papers of Peter I).
1709, June 27 - Battle of Poltava. "Knew now Russian troops that the hour had come, which the state of the Fatherland put on their hands: or disappear very much, or be born in a better kind of Russia. And they would not dream of armed and self-positioned themselves for Peter, but for the state, entrusted to Peter, for their race, for the Russian people, who until now stood by their own weapons, and now expects the utmost fortune from their own. They would have been ashamed of the glory of the enemy as invincible, which they themselves have already shown to be false on several occasions ... (The order of Peter I before the battle of Poltava).
1710 г. - The capture of Vyborg, Riga and Revel by Russian troops.
1711 г. - The Prut campaign of Peter the Great. Signing of the truce of Jassy, under which Russia returned Azov to Turkey and took the fortress of Taganrog.
1711 г. - Carrying out of monetary reform by Peter I.
1711 г. - Establishment of the Senate, which replaced the Boyar Duma. "In place of the former Boyar Duma the Senate was established as the highest governmental, judicial and financial authority in the state. At first it was only instituted for the frequent absence of the tsar from his capital and consisted of nine highranking officials. But in 1718 it was made permanent, and the number of its members gradually increased" (D.I. Ilovaysky). "The Governing Senate was appointed for our absences: Mr. Count Musin-Pushkin, Mr. Streshnev, Mr. Prince Peter Golitsyn, Mr. Prince Mikhail Dolgorukoy, Mr. Plemyannikov, Mr. Prince Grigory Volkonsky, Mr. Samarin, Mr. Vasily Apukhtin, Mr. Melnitsky, the chief secretary of this Senate, Anisim Schukin. All those in the Senate have seats according to the list of those after whom is written in the decree. They should have equal votes and sign all the decrees with their own hands" (Peter I's decree on the establishment of the Senate).
1712 г. - Proclamation of St. Petersburg as the capital of Russia.
1713 г. - The capture of Helsingfors and Abo by Russian troops.
1713 г. - Construction of the Ladoga Canal and the Vyshchevolotsk Canal, which connected St. Petersburg with the Volga Canal waterway.
1714 г. - Opening in St. Petersburg the first state library, which laid the foundation for the Academy of Sciences.
1714, March 23rd - Peter I issued a decree on succession, according to which all real estate was to go to the eldest son or to whomever the father.
1714, July 27th - The first great victory of the Russian fleet near cape Gangut.
1714-1716. - Colonel Buchholz's unsuccessful expedition in search of gold and the way to India.
1716, September - Flight of Tsarevich Alexei, the son of Peter I, to Mitava and then to Vienna.
1717-1721. - Establishment of 12 collegia, which replaced 44 prikaz (commissions).
1717-1718. - An investigation into the case of Tsarevich Alexei, which ended with the announcement of the death sentences. "When Alexey arrived in Russia, he was imprisoned and put on a wanted list. At the same time, persons were arrested who had helped the prince to escape and who had been in secret relations with his mother, who would not reconcile herself to monastic imprisonment and continued to call herself the queen. They resorted to torture in order to fully dissolve the designs of the Tsarevich and his party, which harbored the hope of a return to the old order. The court, composed of the highest dignitaries of the state, sentenced Alexei Petrovich to death. But the sentence was not carried out: the unhappy prince died in prison in 1718" (D. I. Ilovaysky).
1718 г. - Publication of the decree by Peter I on establishing assemblies.
1718-1724. - Census of the entire underprivileged male population and introduction of a new tax - the per capita tax.
1719 - Opening of the Kunstkammer, a museum in St. Petersburg displaying zoological and mineralogical collections.
1719 - Establishment of the Berg Collegium and publication of the Berg-privilege, based on the principle of "mining freedom" taking into account the interests of both entrepreneurs and landlords. "Our Russian State, before many other lands, is blessed with abundant and necessary metals and minerals, which are now being sought without any diligence. We grant permission to all, and everyone, of whatever rank or dignity he may be, to search, smelt, brew and refine any metal, in any place, whether in his own or anyone else's land: gold, silver, copper, tin, lead and iron, as well as minerals such as saltpetre, sulfur, vitriol, alum and all kinds of paints, and all kinds of necessary earth and stones, as many industrialists as each factory can take and as much money is needed for that" (from the Berg-privilege).
1720, July 27th - Defeat of the Swedish squadron by the Russian fleet at the island of Grengam.
1720-1721. - Captain Izmailov's embassy to Beijing. "During the audience the Prince of God said that though he had ancient laws, prohibiting to receive letters from foreign ambassadors, but now, honoring the Russian Emperor as his equal friend and neighbor, he abandons the old laws and accepts the letter from the hands of his envoy" (Solov'ev).
January 1721 - the formation of the Spiritual Board, or the Holy Governing Synod. "The Synod was charged with eradicating superstition among the people and publishing books of religious and moral content, necessary for every believer. The provision of education among the clergy was entrusted to the bishops, and each of them was instructed to have a school for training the clergy at his bishop's house" (P. N. Polevoy).
August 30, 1721 - Signing of the Treaty of Nystadt, under which Russia received access to the Baltic Sea and returned the original Russian territories: Ingermanland, part of Karelia, Estonia, Livonia, and the cities of Riga, Dorpat, Narva, Vyborg and Korela, as well as the islands on the Baltic. "This war, ending with such a brilliant peace for Russia, changed the position of Europe: beside Western Europe, a new Eastern Europe appeared for mutual activity with it, which was immediately reflected in the European body, was echoed everywhere - from Sweden to Spain" (S.M. Solovyov).
1721, October - Proclamation of Peter I as Emperor.
1722 - Establishment of the "Table of Ranks" - a document, which classified the ranks and the order of civil and military service from the 14th - lowest - rank to the 1st - the highest. On achieving the 8th rank in civil service and the rank of warrant officer in military service nobles became nobles.
February 1722 - Peter I issued a decree on succession to the throne, which allowed the emperor to bequeath the throne at his own discretion.
1722-1723. - The Caspian campaign of Peter the Great. Signing of a treaty between Russia and Persia, which ceded the west and south coasts of the Caspian Sea to Russia. "The last war Peter had to wage at the end of his reign was the Persian War. In 1722 the Persians began to harass and abuse Russian merchants at Shemakha.
Peter interceded for the interests of Russian trade, declared war on Persia and himself took a personal part in the beginning of it. After several brilliant military successes won by Colonel Shilov and General Martynov, the war ended in peace" (P. N. Polevoy). "In 1723 Peter promised Shah Tormasu help against Persian rebels, while the Shah ceded to Russia several Caspian provinces: Gilan, Mazendaran and Astrabad" (D.I. Ilovaysky).
1724 - Signing by Peter I of Russia of a decree on the founding of the Academy of Sciences.
1725, January, 28th - Death of Peter I. "What have we come to, Russians? - said Theophanes Prokopovich, giving a speech at the burial of the emperor in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. - What do we see? What are we doing? We are burying Peter the Great!" At these words the speaker burst into tears, and the cathedral was filled with the sobs of the people" (D. I. Ilovaysky).
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